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Between Tradition and Practical Necessities, the Transmission of the Construction Know-How of Salt Stone Known as Agharf

Heritage 2025, 8(4), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8040144

by Nedjla Belkis Hamidi^1,* and Barkahoum Ferhati²

Reviewer 1: Anonymous

Reviewer 2:

Maria Rosario Veiga

Reviewer 3:

Enrica Petrucci

Reviewer 4: Anonymous

Heritage 2025, 8(4), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8040144

Submission received: 27 January 2025 / Revised: 10 April 2025 / Accepted: 15 April 2025 / Published: 20 April 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heritage Materials and Historic Buildings: Preservation and Environment)

Round 1

Reviewer 1 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

see attached

Comments for author File: Comments.pdf

Author Response

Comment 1

I accepted the revision of the article because I was interested in this case study and, overall, in the adoption of survey to the local population as a source. However, after having carefully read the paper I believe that this is not publishable for the following reasons:

Line 21-22: quotations regarding the theoretical definition of ICH (please adopt capitals for the extensive version) are poor

Response 1

Thank you for your feedback and comments.

I take the remark into account and propose a more relevant reference to better support the definition.

“Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) encompasses practices and knowledge passed down through generations, constantly evolving and essential to collective identity. It is based on community recognition, respect for human rights, and a sustainable approach [1]. “

Bortolotto, C. Le trouble du patrimoine culturel immatériel. Terrain, Le patrimoine culturel immatériel, 2011. Available at : http://terrain.revues.org/14447ar.

Page 1, paragraph 1, Line 30.

Comment 2

Line 24-26: applicable UNESCO criteria and recommendations regarding ICH are not examined

Response 2

"UNESCO establishes several criteria for an element to be considered as ICH, including its intergenerational transmission, continuous adaptation, and role in cultural dialogue. It also recommends safeguarding actions such as documenting practices, education, and community involvement in their preservation [2]"

Page 1, paragraph 1, Line 36.

Comment 3

Absence of international comparative case studies

Response 3

Here is a summary of the comparative analysis, condensed to preserve the conciseness of the article:

Comparative Approach

“ Salt architecture, although rarely studied, has been the subject of some specific analyses, particularly through works that examine its use as a building material from different perspectives. Among them, two studies stand out due to their complementary approaches:

On the one hand, Ismail Hamed Ismail Ali, in his article "Some features of salt-architecture in the medieval Sudanic cities: Taghaza in Mali as a model" [18], highlights the central role of salt in the life of West African societies during the Islamic period. His study focuses on the city of Taghaza, located in northern Mali, known for its significant salt mines. The author cites it as the most emblematic example of the “salt cities” mentioned in historical accounts. He emphasizes the specific features of this architecture, considering it as a distinct architectural style unique to West Africa. To support his argument, he relies on historical sources as well as recent archaeological research, demonstrating that salt, due to its abundance and economic significance, contributed to the persistence of an architectural style closely linked to the collective memory of salt-based settlements.

On the other hand, Vincent Battesti, in "De l’habitation aux pieds d’argile. Les vicissitudes des matériaux et techniques de construction à Siwa (Égypte)" [9], conducted extensive field research in Siwa, working directly with the local community to collect firsthand accounts and observations on the use of traditional building techniques, particularly Karshif construction. He highlights the shift from traditional salt-clay mortar to cut limestone gypsum, which has led to rapid changes in construction methods and overall habitat design in the region. His work is also based on precise descriptions of Karshif, drawing from previous studies to reveal its implementation principles, its durability over time, its vulnerability to water, and the ancestral craftsmanship associated with it.

Our research builds on these works and other studies on built heritage in arid environments, which are primarily focused on the examination of the most constrained historical sites, revealing valuable adaptation approaches [19]. Similar to Battesti’s work, it offers a reflection on how this practice endures, adapts, and finds new ways of being valued. Beyond the insights provided by previous studies, our research is also grounded in a field-based approach. Direct observation allows us to grasp the dynamics of knowledge transmission during construction work, identifying the challenges encountered in this process. This approach is complemented by an ethnological dimension, considering the perceptions, narratives, and representations that artisans and the local community associate with these skills.”

Page 3, paragraph 3, Line 120.

Comment 4

Lines 97-100 Total absence of explanation of the methodology adopted: processing of the interviews (structured or unstructured?), definition of the statistical sample (in absolute terms and in reference to the total population). This is the most serious gap in the paper and it affects it all. In fact, the material and methods section, not only does it not clarify where all information provided in the Result section emerges from, but it also does not support the quotation to “Data” in line 390 (where the results come from is not clear). What data?

Response 4

Thank you for your feedback. I haven't detailed the methodology in this section of the introduction because the journal's guidelines recommend stating only the hypotheses, the main objective of the study, and its essential conclusions.

Here's what I propose:

"The validation of the hypotheses will be based on the analysis of testimonies collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with maâlems (master artisans) and local artisans who are still active today."
Page 3, paragraph 5, line 102.

Materials and methods section:

Regarding the statistical sample, it was defined based on the artisans who are still active, as the permanent population of the ksar, as is the case for many historical Saharan centers, is almost nonexistent. The dwellings are largely abandoned, and the inhabitants return only on special occasions. Even the artisans, although still practicing their craft, are only present sporadically and gather temporarily for maintenance and restoration projects. In this context, the concept of a total population is difficult to establish.

“However, the absence of permanent residents in the ksar has, however, made it difficult to establish a representative statistical sample, as the inhabitants have migrated to other areas and only return occasionally.”
Page 4, paragraph 1, line 153.

To answer your question regarding the citation, many photographs were taken by members of the local community, including Mr. El Idrissi Abdellah and El Idrissi Salah (mentioned on line 390), whom I asked to assist me in my research. The latter facilitated contact with the artisans, distributed the questionnaires, and, when necessary, collected their responses in the form of semi-structured interviews (the majority of responses). I realize that I was not sufficiently clear about my research approach, so here is what I propose:

"Due to travel constraints, data collection in the field was carried out with the support of a member of the local community, who is also the president of the Association, he facilitated contact with the artisans, distributed the questionnaires, and, when necessary, administered them in the form of semi-structured interviews. This methodological adaptation proved essential, as some master artisans are not literate and were thus able to respond orally to the questions. Furthermore, some observations were documented through photographs taken by one of the authors, as well as images captured by members of the local community, namely El Idrissi A. and El Idrissi S."

Page 5, paragraph 1, Line 173.

Comment 5

The bibliography is also very incomplete and when present the notes don’t correspond to the citation.

Response 5

The bibliography has been reviewed and adjusted to match the notes. New references have also been incorporated. I hope this will be satisfactory this time.

Comment 6

In figure 1 there is a map covered by copyright; it is not clear in the caption if there is a license for use

Response 6

The map used in Figure 1 is under a Creative Commons license with no specific restrictions. The source has been added in the caption:

Ritimo, CDTM 34. Carte et repères sur l’Algérie. In Algérie : le défi d’une nécessaire transition énergétique, January 7, 2016. Available online: https://www.ritimo.org/Carte-et-reperes-sur-l-Algerie.

Figure 1. Location of the study area: (a) Location of the Adrar region in Algeria [20]; (b) Location of Tamentit [21].

In conclusion, in my opinion the paper is not publishable in this form because it does not have the minimum requirements to be considered a scientific article but it seems, instead, to be a writing intended for other editorial purposes.

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Reviewer 2 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

The article is focused on a very interesting theme, the use of a specific material (salt stone) and related techniques (Agharf) for construction in a region of the southwest of Algeria, and the transmission of this knowledge between generations, through artisans. The tangible and intangible advantages of its use are considered such as the difficulties of their preservation.

It is a very interesting article, concerning an original, traditional technique badly known, and also highlighting the importance of artisans and of artisanal knowledge to the preservations of intangible values, and this advises recommendation for publication.

However, I think the article could improve with the clarification of some points in the different sections, as following:

Introduction:

The context of the work is described in Introduction, namely a constructive culture of Tamentit based on artisans’ work and their knowledge and skills, related with roofs constructed with a palm wooden structure and covered with earth and straw, with resource to “salt stone” technique (named agharf) to ensure durability. The agharf technique still used in the region is referred to as a living testimony and a vehicle for cultural values.

However, neither the technique nor the raw material are well described. What is the “salt stone”? Which is its geological nature, is it a result of sea deposits from very old times? Which is its basic chemical composition? Is it composed by sodium chloride? Please remember there are many different salts. What about the technique? Is it a mixture of grinded salt stone with earth and straw? Which is the advantage of using salt in construction? None of these aspects are clear and they should be described here as completely as possible, based on the artisans’ descriptions, in literature, and, if possible, also on chemical-physical analysis. If some of these aspects are unknown, they must be clearly identified as unknown.

The particular local climatic conditions seem to be also a significant aspect concerning the use of this technique. In fact, agharf is used to enhance durability and it surely is related to climatic issues. Being a desert zone, it would be thought to have a dry weather (as in fact is referred in the following section, lines 172-176), however problems of humidity (“it was especially well suited to environments where humidity…”) are described. Can you clarify this? How are climatic conditions and why is salt, and agharf specifically, appropriate for those conditions?

The potential health impacts on artisans are also referred, however this is never explained: which health impacts and why?

Materials and methods

Line 154 – “…the first stone-built structures.” Which stone? Was it “salt-stone”? Or a diversity of stones existed in the area for construction? The existing raw materials in the area are an important factor for the constructive culture and should be briefly referred.

Results

Lines 211-212 – “Local reconstruction initiatives were once firmly rooted in the life of the ksour…” once? When?

Lines 285-293 – The influence of salt stone in comfort, health, air purification, healing and protection of babies are described in this part of the article. It may be related to the hygroscopic behaviour of salt crystals, but this is not clear. Do the authors know something about the reasons for such properties?

Line 303 – “These bricks…”, which bricks? Do you refer to salt stone blocks or something else? Please clarify.

Line 310 – “These salt blocks are extracted from the sebkha.” Can you define “sebkha”? I don’t think it was described before in the text.

Lines 312-313 – “…transport the extracted earth…” Earth? Or salt stone? It is a bit confusing.

Lines 316-317 – “The blocks were bonded together with mortar made of earth, sand and salty water.” The salt technique called agharf, included both the use of blocks of salt stone and their agglomeration and bonding with earth and salty water? Please make this clear.

Lines 328-329 – “…clay extracted from areas outside the saline zones is added to balance the salt content”. Why did they feel the need to balance the salt content? How did the artisans measure this balance? I understand that probably it is something from experience, without an explicit rule, but can you add something to this concept of salt balance, what is it and why?

Discussion

Lines 438-439 – “…although salt stone has some health benefits…” Which benefits?

“…there are minimal potential health risks for the artisans…” Can you clarify which are the risks?

Conclusions

Some more aspects should be included in the Conclusions: Why is this material traditionally used in this region for construction? Because it is available in the significant quantity in the region? Because it is particularly adapted to the climatic conditions? Because other materials (other stones, bricks, lime) are scarce? Because What do artisans and techniques say about that?

Author Response

Thank you very much for your constructive comments.

I appreciate your insightful feedback. Your interest and curiosity in the subject have allowed me to refine my thinking and reconsider certain aspects.

However, I think the article could improve with the clarification of some points in the different sections, as following:

Introduction:

Comments 1

Response 1

Geological nature of salt stone:
Salt stone comes from the sebkha, which is essentially a depression where runoff water accumulates before evaporating, leaving behind salt deposits. The soil is generally composed of fine sediments, clays, and salts, often water-saturated, making it unstable and not very malleable. Martin provides a clear and precise description of it. According to him, the sebkha of the sub-Algerian Sahara forms the "upper basin of the great Touat depression" and collects water from the western basin. It is thus separated from the High Plateaus by the Erg Occidental massif and borders the oases on its eastern bank, which utilize its water resources for the development of palm groves. [17].

Geochemical nature:
Salt stone is primarily composed of sodium chloride.
These sebkhas are flat, saline areas often in contact with the water table. Wind erosion can expose the water table, promoting the capillary rise of water, which evaporates at the surface and deposits various salts: calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O), anhydrite (CaSO₄), and sodium chloride (NaCl). These deposits form an impermeable crust of evaporites (Tagorti et al. 2023).

Tagorti, M. A., R. Guellala, W. Gallala, E. Essefi, and S. Tlig. “Geochemical and Hydrogeological Studies of a Sodium Sulphate Deposit: The Case of Sabkhet El Ghine Oum El Khialate, Southeast Tunisia.” Carbonates and Evaporites. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-013-0180-3. (The reference was not included in the manuscript.)

Construction technique:
Salt blocks are actually bonded using a mortar made of earth, sand, and brine. While artisans describe in detail the composition of the Agharf mixture, they only vaguely provide details on masonry techniques. Battesti (2007), drawing on the work of Nourissier et al. (2002), explains that the salt blocks, used in their raw form due to their porosity and irregular shapes, are not carefully adjusted or wedged one by one but are instead directly incorporated into the thickness of the wall, requiring a significant amount of salt-clay mortar. This mortar fills the gaps and protects the masonry by being generously applied to the surface of the wall.

Here is a very succinct proposal to integrate into the manuscript:
"While artisans describe in detail the composition of the Agharf mixture, they only vaguely provide details on the masonry technique. This technique consists of directly integrating raw salt blocks into the thickness of the wall, without precise wedging. A generously applied salt-clay mortar fills the gaps and coats the surface to protect and stabilize the structure."

Revised manuscript: page number: 11, paragraph: 3, and line: 363.

Advantages in construction:
The advantages have indeed been mentioned:
"Salt provides superior comfort when integrated into walls; it purifies indoor air, regulates body humidity, and ensures a dry and healthy environment. Its remarkable thermal inertia allows it to absorb and release heat slowly, maintaining a stable and pleasant indoor temperature despite varying external conditions." Lines 330.

Comment 2

Response 2

The region's climate is generally arid, with low rainfall, which may suggest a dry environment. However, certain microclimates exist, particularly in gardens (jaridins), where humidity is higher due to vegetation and the proximity of water sources (mentioned). This humidity poses a problem for palm wood structures, which, if not treated, are vulnerable to termite attacks (lines 369-370).

In this context, the use of salt stone (Agharf) makes perfect sense. The sodium chloride contained in the salt acts as a natural repellent against termites, helping to preserve wooden structures. This characteristic explains why Agharf is considered a suitable solution to the region's climatic and biological challenges, despite the generally dry climate.

Comment 3

The potential health impacts on artisans are also referred, however this is never explained: which health impacts and why?

Response 3

The issue of potential health impacts had been raised as a possible explanation for the abandonment of the technique. Indeed, salt mine and sebkha workers are exposed to respiratory diseases that can be severe, as well as nasal lesions, ulcerations, perforations, and skin ulcerations [30].

However, no conclusive feedback has been obtained on this matter from the artisans. Since they use sebkha salt very rarely today, except for roof treatment, they have not expressed any specific opinions on potential risks related to its extraction or handling. On the other hand, there is a health concern regarding the sebkhas themselves. Due to wastewater discharges from nearby human settlements, these areas may be contaminated, posing a potential health risk for users.

Materials and methods

Comment 4

Response 4

It is indeed stone and not salt stone. The region has a diversity of construction materials that have influenced local techniques. To clarify this aspect, a clarification has been added to the text.

“Many other techniques persist, the most widespread being Toub, a mud brick made of clay and sand, while the triangular brick is much less common. Other masonry techniques combine stone with clay.”

Revised manuscript: page number: 6, paragraph: 2 and line: 216.

Results

Comment 5

Lines 211-212 – “Local reconstruction initiatives were once firmly rooted in the life of the ksour…” once? When?

Response 5

The history of the ksour is very poorly documented, apart from certain events and conflicts, there is little information on the organization of local life and traditions. The ziyara is a well-known practice in the collective memory and could be situated between the 15th and 17th centuries, but in the absence of precise sources, no exact date can be put forward. It is for this reason that no specific period has been mentioned in the text.

Salt indeed has respiratory benefits and is known for its air-purifying properties, helping to create healthier living spaces. This is confirmed by a master artisan who has lived in houses built with Agharf. Furthermore, air purification and comfort are closely linked to its hygroscopic behavior, which allows it to absorb and release moisture depending on ambient conditions. Additionally, salt is an excellent heat accumulator and has a proven thermal insulation capacity, as highlighted in recent studies (mentioned in lines 328). Beyond its physical properties, artisans have also reported its curative and protective effects. It is traditionally used as a means to ward off spirits, reflecting its strong cultural significance. This testimony, which I had mentioned in the text, accurately reflects the artisans' accounts.

Line 303 – “These bricks…”, which bricks? Do you refer to salt stone blocks or something else? Please clarify.

These are indeed blocks of salt stone, also known as large pebbles. To avoid any confusion, the term will be modified as follows:
"These large salt pebbles, locally called ‘Dhelaif el malh’."

Revised manuscript: page number: 10, paragraph: 2 and line: 349.

Line 310 – “These salt blocks are extracted from the sebkha.” Can you define “sebkha”? I don’t think it was described before in the text.

Here is a suggestion that refines the description of the sebkha:

“The sebkha here acts as a natural barrier, limiting both the spread of vegetation and the expansion of the ksar. This saline formation called halite, appears as surface deposits or is extracted from shallow mines [25]. Martin describes it as the 'upper basin of the great Touat depression,' receiving water from the western basin. Separated from the High Plateaus by the Erg Occidental massif, it borders the oases on its eastern shore, which utilize its water resources for the development of palm groves [22].”

Revised manuscript: page number: 6, paragraph: 3, and line: 236.

Lines 312-313 – “…transport the extracted earth…” Earth? Or salt stone? It is a bit confusing.

Yes, indeed, it is salted clay (an accumulation of fine sediments mixed with mineral salts) and rock salt (halite or salt crystal), both extracted from the sebkha.

"the extracted clay and rock salt"

Revised manuscript: page number: 10, paragraph: 2, and lines: 368.

Thank you for this remark; I would rather say 'brine' since 'saltwater' might be confusing. These areas may contain brine, meaning water highly charged with dissolved salts.

One could say:

“, brackish water drawn from the sebkha.”

Revised manuscript: page number: 1, paragraph: 4, and lines: 368.

The addition of clay extracted from areas outside saline zones aims to limit the solubility of salt in the material. When present in high concentrations, salt can make the structure more vulnerable to dissolution in the presence of humidity. Clay thus plays a stabilizing role by reducing the relative proportion of salt and providing better cohesion to the mortar. This adjustment is empirical: it is based on the experience of artisans rather than precise measurements. They adapt the composition according to ambient humidity and the behavior of materials during construction.

One could then say:
“...Reduce the solubility of this assembly and its vulnerability to humidity. This adjustment, based on the empirical knowledge of artisans, enhances the cohesion of the mortar and ensures greater durability of the constructions.”

Revised manuscript: page number: 11, paragraph: 5, and lines: 391.

Discussion

Lines 438-439 – “…although salt stone has some health benefits…” Which benefits?

I think the term 'benefits' is more appropriate than 'advantages,' as it refers to perceived positive effects rather than a concrete benefit. It is known for having antiseptic properties and for maintaining the body's water balance.

The sentence could be reworded as follows:

"... Although salt stone is associated with certain benefits, particularly in terms of air purification, humidity regulation, and thermal comfort, its actual effects on health remain poorly documented.”

Revised manuscript: page number: 16, paragraph: 3, and lines: 541.

“…there are minimal potential health risks for the artisans…” Can you clarify which are the risks?

We could express it as follows:

"... Moreover, while exposure to certain health risks is proven [30]. the health risks for artisans are relatively low due to the significant decline in its integration into construction techniques. Today, artisans source salt pebbles directly from the sebkhas and occasionally recover them from old construction sites. However, caution remains necessary, particularly due to the risk of sebkha contamination from urban waste."

Revised manuscript: page number: 16, paragraph: 3, and lines: 543

Conclusions

"I have refocused the topic and synthesized the key points. I hope these adjustments will be suitable for you."

"… The Agharf, long chosen for its structural and therapeutic qualities, was a response to the climatic constraints and cultural practices of the time. Today, its use has declined to the point of disappearance, replaced by techniques better suited to the evolving needs of the population. More accessible alternatives, such as adobe for occasional construction, and above all the rise of modern materials, have gradually taken over. Its resurgence now fits into a desire to preserve heritage and improve living conditions through more sustainable tourism. This choice has become established as a response to local realities, taking into account both ecological and economic challenges.

From this perspective, salt stone is mainly used to compensate for the scarcity of wood rather than as a primary construction material. This is why a precise assessment of maintenance, transport, and durability costs remains essential to determine its relevance and ensure its transmission.

That being said, while the technique appears promising, further scientific studies are necessary, as its impacts—particularly on comfort and health—require more in-depth evaluation. While artisans consider this approach relevant for enhancing the durability of constructions or preserving the integrity of traditional dwellings, they also highlight the lack of resources to cover additional costs, implying that this responsibility falls on institutions. In this context, it is crucial for artisans to receive stronger institutional support. This should include improved transmission of knowledge related to Agharf and other traditional construction techniques, as well as continuous technical assistance to evaluate its adaptability and optimize its application. Such an approach would ensure the longevity and efficiency of this technique and reinforce its viability in contemporary practices."

Revised manuscript: page number: 16. paragraph: 2, and lines: 566.

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Reviewer 3 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

The keywords (24) are too many and confusing - do not clearly and unambiguously identify the article.
- The conclusions (453) are not centered and it is also generically stated that further scientific studies are desirable to refine innovations and optimize the quality-cost ratio of constructions, which is not addressed here.
- The Références (487) should be completed with other international studies that deal with the recovery of local building traditions and materials
- In the discussion (417) explain better how the use of salt can contribute to the development of tourism projects.
- The English could be improved to more clearly express the study.
- The introduction should be summarized, as well as some parts of the article.

- The Figures should be improved in quality and size.

Comments on the Quality of English Language

The English could be improved to more clearly express the study.

Author Response

Thank you for your constructive comments.

Comment 1

The keywords (24) are too many and confusing - do not clearly and unambiguously identify the article.

Response 1

Thank you for these constructive comments.

Okay I understand, here is what I propose to you:

“Keywords: Transmission, artisans; Tamentit; salt stone; know-how; heritage; local economy.”

Revised manuscript: page number: 1, and line: 24.

Comment 2

- The conclusions (453) are not centered and it is also generically stated that further scientific studies are desirable to refine innovations and optimize the quality-cost ratio of constructions, which is not addressed here.

Response 2

I appreciate your feedback. Initially, I intended to propose future research perspectives, particularly on optimizing the quality-cost ratio of constructions. However, this seemed too vague and disconnected from the central issue, so I removed it.
I acknowledge that the conclusion could be refocused; here is what I propose :

Revised manuscript: page number: 16. paragraph: 2, and lines: 566.

Comment 3

- The Références (487) should be completed with other international studies that deal with the recovery of local building traditions and materials.

Response 3

" However, while the transmission of knowledge has been widely studied, the skills acquired through practice and experience, which require field studies, have been less explored [6].”

Page number 2 Paragraph 1 line 48.

"However, when knowledge endures without completely disappearing, it becomes relevant to examine the practices that quietly persist [7].”

Page number 2 Paragraph 1 line 53.

" Which are primarily focused on the examination of the most constrained historical sites, revealing valuable adaptation approaches [19].”

Page number 4 Paragraph 4 line 142.

" As a result, builders are rediscovering local resources and techniques, combining expertise, sustainability, and cultural heritage [29].”

Page number 15, Paragraph 2, line 526.

Derex, M., & Morgan, T. J. H. The Cultural Transmission of Technological Skills. In The Oxford Handbook of Cultural Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2023. Available at : https://hal.science/hal-04326057v1ar.
Hertz, E., Graezer Bideau, F., Leimgruber, W., & Munz, H. Politiques de la tradition : Le patrimoine culturel immatériel. In Savoir suisse. Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, 2018. Available at: ISBN 978-2-88915-224-7.
Gandreau, D., & Offroy, T. La rétro-ingénierie des cultures constructives locales pour répondre aux grands enjeux globaux actuels : l'expérience de CRAterre. In Culture et recherche, 146, 102-105. HAL, 2024. Available at: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-04645306.
Golden, E. M. Building from Tradition: Local Materials and Methods in Contemporary Architecture. Routledge, 2017.

Comment 4

- In the discussion (417) explain better how the use of salt can contribute to the development of tourism projects.

Response 4

“In this regard, the IUCN project, along with other international initiatives reflecting this evolution, is fully part of this approach, highlighting a strong local identity and distinctive craftsmanship that spark curiosity, positioning this material as a reference for potential local tourism projects.”

Revised manuscript: page number: 15, paragraph: 1, and lines: 521.

Comment 5

- The English could be improved to more clearly express the study.

Response 5

A translator has reviewed the English version; I hope the quality will be up to standard this time.

Comment 6

- The introduction should be summarized, as well as some parts of the article.

Response 6

Although the introduction and results have been shortened, some elements have been redistributed across other sections, which still lengthens the manuscript.

results section

"Although driven by practical needs, this dynamic is rooted in cultural and societal contexts that shape the construction process, among them the training and beliefs of builders [3]. These aspects combine functional imperatives with expressive needs, integrating cultural values, value judgments, diversity, and personal creativity [4]. Likewise, the knowledge and skills of master craftsmen remain essential to legitimizing and transmitting cultural practices, forming the foundation of an authentic building culture [5]."

Revised manuscript: page number: 2, paragraph: 1, and lines: 42.

"Many elements of ICH (Intangible Cultural Heritage) related to construction are threatened by the disappearance of preservation conditions and the lack of interest among younger generations in their transmission. However, when knowledge endures without completely disappearing, it becomes relevant to examine the practices that quietly persist [7]. Tamentit remains one of the rare examples where direct transmission endures, with apprentices receiving knowledge from master craftsmen while respecting local traditions. The training is based on the transformation of clay materials and the construction of earth-and-straw roofs. Conservation techniques, such as the use of salt to preserve wood, are also taught there."

Revised manuscript: page number: 2, paragraph: 2, and lines: 51.

results section

“The transmission of practices relies on ancestral know-how taught by the Ma'alem, master artisans. Learning, which begins at a young age, combines practical techniques with traditional values. Apprentices refine their skills in soil fermentation (Tekhmar) and construction using earth and wood, essential elements of local architecture.

In the past, the reconstruction of ksour was a collective effort, with families preserving their heritage through intergenerational transmission of skills. In Tamentit, the Ziyara, associated with religious celebrations, allowed inhabitants to maintain their ksar in a spirit of cooperation. Today, participatory construction projects are restoring traditional houses into guesthouses, perpetuating local hospitality. Inspired by the ziyara, this initiative emerged in response to the need to promote local heritage and harness its tourism potential, marking what could be the beginning of a heritage-making process [21].

Not all residents share the same vision. Some have converted their homes into enclosures for their animals, while others reject the idea of rehabilitation, considering it unnecessary or inappropriate. In response, artisans lament the lack of recognition for their work, which threatens the preservation of the ksar. Despite these resistances, they strive to restore what can still be saved, particularly the deteriorated roofs. Various solutions are being explored, including the use of salt as a valuable alternative to the increasingly scarce wood supply. Agharf, though little-known and perceived as outdated, still piques the interest of some artisans, though few of them still master its techniques.”

Revised manuscript: page number: 19, paragraph: 1, and lines: 262.

Comment 7

- The Figures should be improved in quality and size.

Response 7

Figures (a), (b) and (c) have been enlarged to improve readability.

Figure 8 has been replaced by a higher quality version.

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Reviewer 4 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

In this manuscript the Authors document the several uses of a stone, locally called Agharf, in the vintage buildings of the Algerian city of Tamentit. The paper is well written and deserves publication. I have only minor comments that the Authors may consider before submitting their final manuscript.

The Authors refer to Agharf as saltstone. I am no geologist, but saltstone is a mixture of cement with salt and brine or a cement waste form. Maybe Agharf should be classified as a chemical sedimentary rock? (It does not look like halite or rock salt, but maybe I am wrong). This point should be properly addressed, resorting to the appropriate expertise and/or references.

Similarly, the statements (l. 317): As it dries, the salt hardens and solidifies the wall; and (l. 320): This accumulation of salt strengthens the material by improving the bonds between the clay particles; should be backed by proper references or presented as the opinions of the master artisans.

It is only well within the manuscript text that it is clear to which uses of this stone the Authors are making reference to. I suggest introducing, at least concisely, this point already in the Abstract and the Introduction. For instance, at lines 11 and following: of a construction technique on the verge of being forgotten: the use of "Agharf," or salt stone -> of a construction material, a stone locally called Agharf, used as masonry unit, mortar ingredient, and water additive to protect palm-tree timber (write something similar in the Introduction, where appropriate).

The statement (l. 109): The selection of sources primarily focused on recent publications (2022-2024) to ensure the data's relevance; cannot be endorsed and should be removed. However, I was not able to find any relevant Agharf or Tamentit entry in Scopus, so I guess the Authors did mention all relevant literature. When reformulating this sentence add cross reference [22] and [7] to Laureano and Battesti, respectively.

Line:

10, Tamentit, located -> Tamentit, a city located (applies also to l. 49)

11, should Agharf be capitalized as a proper noun? (at l. 389 it is not capitalized)

24, translate keywords in English

28, remove the colon

39, social -> societal (applies elsewhere)

40, convictions -> beliefs

55, check if Zenata is not more appropriate than Zenete in English (applies elsewhere)

62, specify if bC or AD

71, definition of Karshif was already given

72, what does “brick hotels” mean?

78, ksour houses into -> ksour houses (traditional North African fortified villages) into

89, the Foggara Association -> the Foggara (draining pipes) Association

89, specify what is Aghmoul (an Algerian city?)

136, keep title together with the following text (applies also to l. 171)

152, A.G.P. Martin -> Martin

172, where -> when

173, 40°C -> 40 °C (add a space, applies elsewhere)

184, 15 meters -> 15 m

185, define sebka

204, format title

215 and 219, is ziyara or Ziyara?

245, Laureano P. -> Laureano

260, is the word “Neigh-” complete?

265, built in -> built with

303, it is unclear to which bricks the Authors are making reference to. Maybe: blocks?

348, This structure is completed with the addition of petioles, commonly called "kernaf," which stabilize the whole -> This structure is completed with the addition of palm-tree petioles, commonly called "kernaf," which fill the gaps between the joists

357, check the “(b)” position

366, the reference to a “Figure a” is unclear

369, the following sentence is unclear to me: This operation also helps prevent puncturing of the wood caused by accumulated loads

374, build a roof. -> build a roof, as an alternative to petioles to fill the gaps between the palm-tree joists.

411, the salt stone requires -> quarrying Agharf requires

489, ndalousie -> Andalousie

489, https://doi.org/10.7202/014116 -> https://doi.org/10.7202/014116ar

490, Disponible en ligne -> Available at (applies elsewhere)

Author Response

Thank you for your relevant remark.

Comment 1

Response 1

No, this is not cement waste; I will explain exactly what it is:

Salt stone (Agharf) comes from the sebkha, which is actually a depression where runoff water accumulates before evaporating, leaving behind saline deposits. The soil there is generally composed of fine sediments, clays, and salts, often water-saturated, making it unstable and not very malleable. Martin provides a clear and precise description of it. According to him, the sebkha of the sub-Algerian Sahara constitutes the "upper basin of the great Touat lowland" and collects water from the western basin (aquifer layers). It is therefore separated from the High Plateaus by the massif of the Western Erg and borders the oases on its eastern side, which take advantage of its water resources for the development of palm groves. [17]

The salt stone, or what is found in the sebkha, is ultimately sodium chloride:
These sebkhas are flat, salty areas often in contact with the water table. Wind erosion can expose the water table, promoting capillary rise of water, which evaporates on the surface and deposits various salts: calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O), anhydrite (CaSO₄), and sodium chloride (NaCl). These deposits form an impermeable crust of evaporates (Tagorti et al. 2023).

Here is a suggested refinement of the sebkha description to include in the manuscript:
“The sebkha here acts as a natural barrier, limiting both the spread of vegetation and the expansion of the ksar. This saline formation called halite, appears as surface deposits or is extracted from shallow mines [25]. Martin describes it as the 'upper basin of the great Touat depression,' receiving water from the western basin. Separated from the High Plateaus by the Erg Occidental massif, it borders the oases on its eastern shore, which utilize its water resources for the development of palm groves [22].”

Revised manuscript: page number: 6, paragraph: 3, and line: 236.

Comment 2

Response 2

" The experience of artisans reveals that the drying of salt contributes to the solidification of walls. Although sensitive to water, salt interacts with humidity by slightly dissolving on the surface and then, as it dries, hardens and strengthens the wall structure. The artisans go on to explain that during the process…”

Revised Manuscript: Page Number: 10, Paragraph: 3, Line: 368

Comment 3

Response 3

Résumé :
"… a building material, a stone locally called Agharf, composed of saline pebbles, is assembled with a clay mortar enriched with salt, allowing for the erection of robust structures adapted to their environment."

Introduction :
"...,its implementation relies on precise expertise, builders assemble it with a clay mortar enriched with salt, which strengthens the cohesion of the walls and ensures their durability over time."

Revised Manuscript: Page number: 1, Paragraph: 1, Line: 11
Revised Manuscript: Page number: 2, Paragraph: 2, Line: 60

Comment 4

Response 4

Okay. I also quoted Echallier

"The selection of sources took into account the most relevant works, such as those of Laureano [28] (1991), Battesti [9] (2006), and Echallier [8], which provide both a historical and technical perspective."

Revised Manuscript: Page number: 3, Paragraph: 2, Line: 117.

Comment 5

Line:

10, Tamentit, located -> Tamentit, a city located (applies also to l. 49)

Response 5

"Tamentit, a city located"

Revised manuscript: page number: 1, paragraph: 1 and line: 10.

"Tamentit, a city located"

Revised manuscript: page number: 2, paragraph: 2 and line: 49.

Comment 6

11, should Agharf be capitalized as a proper noun? (at l. 389 it is not capitalized)

Response 6

In capital letters, it is a proper name, thank you.

"Agharf"

Revised manuscript: page number: 14, line: 487.

Comment 7

24, translate keywords in English

Response 7

“Intergenerational transmission; artisans; community; Tamentit; salt stone; know-how; traditional construction practices; heritage; local economy; tangible and intangible heritage.”

Revised manuscript: page number: 1, line: 24.

Comment 8

28, remove the colon

Response 8

Okay

“Introduction”

Revised manuscript: page number: 1, line: 28.

Comment 8

39, social -> societal (applies elsewhere)

Response 8

“societal”

Revised manuscript: page number: 2, paragraph: 1, line: 43.

Comment 9

40, convictions -> beliefs

Response 9

“beliefs”

Revised manuscript: page number: 2, paragraph: 1, line: 44.

Comment 10

55, check if Zenata is not more appropriate than Zenete in English (applies elsewhere)

Response 10

It seems that Zenata is more appropriate, indeed.

“Agharf is the Berber Zeneta name”

Revised manuscript: page number: 2, paragraph: 2, line: 59.

“groups, mainly Zeneta”

Revised manuscript: page number: 6, paragraph: 2, line: 209.

“a traditional Berber Zeneta term”

Revised manuscript: page number: 8, paragraph: 1, line: 283.

Comment 11

62, specify if bC or AD

Response 11

Instead of the 8th century, I will indicate the precise date:

"Salt stone has been used since the earliest human settlements, dating back to at least 725 AD" (this automatically means AD).

Revised manuscript: page number: 2, paragraph: 2, line: 68.

Comment 12

71, definition of Karshif was already given

Response 12

Indeed

local materials, including salt stone and Karshif, a mix of earth, rock, salt, and water”

Revised manuscript: page number: 2, paragraph: 2, line: 76.

Comment 13

72, what does “brick hotels” mean?

Response 13

You are right, my point was unclear. I was referring to hotels built from salt bricks. Here is a more precise version:

"Recently, similar projects involving hotels built from salt blocks have emerged in Bolivia"

Revised manuscript: page number: 2, paragraph: 2, line: 77.

Comment 14

78, ksour houses into -> ksour houses (traditional North African fortified villages) into

Response 14

“ksour houses (traditional fortified North African villages) into guest houses”

Revised manuscript: page number: 3, paragraph: 2, line: 84.

Comment 15

89, the Foggara Association -> the Foggara (draining pipes) Association

Response 15

I would say precisely:

"...the foggara association of Aghmoul (in reference to an old underground drainage gallery)"

Revised manuscript: page number: 4, paragraph: 2, line: 95.

Comment 16

89, specify what is Aghmoul (an Algerian city?)

Response 16

Aghmoul is the name given to a foggara (traditional system for capturing and distributing groundwater). This term of Berber Zenata origin has an uncertain meaning, but oral tradition suggests that it could designate a divinity.

Comment 17

136, keep title together with the following text (applies also to l. 171)

Response 17

I didn't understand, could you please clarify this point?

Comment 18

152, A.G.P. Martin -> Martin

Response 18

« Martin [17] »

Revised manuscript: page number: 4, paragraph: 2, line: 200.

172, where -> when

“hot summers when temperatures”

Revised manuscript: page number: 5, paragraph: 1, line: 222.

173, 40°C -> 40 °C (add a space, applies elsewhere)

« exceed 40 °C,… »

Revised manuscript: page number: 5, paragraph: 1, line: 223-224.

184, 15 meters -> 15 m

“which rises 15 m”

Revised manuscript: page number: 5, paragraph: 2, line: 234.

185, define sebka

As already proposed:

Revised manuscript: page number: 6, paragraph: 3 and line: 236.

204, format title

“The Dynamics of Knowledge Transmission and Continuity of Traditions” (Bold line and font size 12)

Revised manuscript: page number: 5 , line: 261.

215 and 219, is ziyara or Ziyara?

It is indeed « Ziyara »

Revised manuscript: page number: 7, paragraph: 1, line: 267.

245, Laureano P. -> Laureano

“According to Laureano, in his…”

Revised manuscript: page number: 8, paragraph: 1, line: 284.

260, is the word “Neigh-” complete?

No I put 'Neighborhood on Agharf,' but the image needed to be adjusted so that the text could be seen.

265, built in -> built with

“Figure 3. House of the preacher El-Maghili built with Agharf (Photo by the author).”

Revised manuscript: page number: 7, line: 304.

303, it is unclear to which bricks the Authors are making reference to. Maybe: blocks?

It is indeed blocks. We can also say big pebbles :

“These large salt pebbles, locally called “Dhelaif el malh”…”

Revised manuscript: page number: 10, paragraph: 2, line: 349.

“This structure is completed with the addition of palm-tree petioles, commonly called "kernaf," which fill the gaps between the joists”

Revised manuscript: page number: 12, paragraph: 1, line: 413.

357, check the “(b)” position

All right

Revised manuscript: page number: 10, line: 436.

366, the reference to a “Figure a” is unclear

You are right, it is not figure (a) but figure (b) where we see a craftsman applying linseed oil with a brush on the surface of the wooden joist.

Revised manuscript: page number: 13, paragraph: 2, line: 454.

369, the following sentence is unclear to me: This operation also helps prevent puncturing of the wood caused by accumulated loads.

I agree this is absolutely not clear, here is a more accurate version:

“Thanks to its presence, salt prevents the installation of termites and, at the same time, limits the punching effect, thus reducing the risk of bending of the beams under the weight of the roof”

Revised manuscript: page number: 13, paragraph: 2, line: 457.

374, build a roof. -> build a roof, as an alternative to petioles to fill the gaps between the palm-tree joists.

Okay, I just changed the sentence slightly so as not to sound like I was repeating myself:

“build a roof, as an alternative to petioles to fill the gaps between palm joists.”

Revised manuscript: page number: 13, paragraph: 3, line: 464.

411, the salt stone requires -> quarrying Agharf requires

« However, quarrying Agharf requires … »

Revised manuscript: page number: 15, paragraph: 3, line: 512.

489, ndalousie -> Andalusia

The quote has been removed and replaced

489, https://doi.org/10.7202/014116 -> https://doi.org/10.7202/014116ar

https://doi.org/10.7202/014116ar

Revised manuscript: page number: 17, line: 607.

490, Available online -> Available at (applies elsewhere)

it's done.

Thank you

Sincerely,

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Round 2

Reviewer 1 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

In the second version the text is much improved and some of the critical issues have been resolved by the authors, however the methodology still does not illustrate the structure of the interviews, the method of administration, the methods of selection of the sample. It would be necessary to insert a standard interview form in the methodology section and define the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the sample examined as well as the method of selection of the interviewees. A summary table would be necessary that allows us to quantitatively measure the results of the survey carried out, of which the period of collection must be specified. All these gaps are reflected in the significance of the discussion of the results that do not validate the starting hypothesis based on measurable results. Unfortunately, I must confirm that, despite the topic being of great relevance, the proposal is not acceptable in its current form because it does not have the structure of a scientific article

Comments for author File: Comments.docx

Author Response

Comment :

In the second version, the text has been significantly improved and some critical issues have been addressed by the authors. However, the methodology still does not illustrate the structure of the interviews , the mode of administration and the methods of sample selection . It would be necessary to insert a standard interview form in the methodology section and to define the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the sample examined, as well as the method of selecting the interviewees. A summary table would also be necessary to quantitatively measure the results of the survey, the collection period of which must be specified. All these shortcomings are reflected in the importance of the discussion of the results, which does not validate the initial hypothesis on the basis of measurable results. Unfortunately, I must confirm that, despite the high relevance of the topic, the proposal is not acceptable in its current form, as it does not present the structure of a scientific article.

Answer :

I sincerely thank you for your constructive feedback, which will undoubtedly be valuable for the continuation of my research.

I hope that the modifications I’ve made this time meet your expectations and that the paper can now be considered publishable.

Qualitative survey: semi-structured interviews

Method of selecting respondents

Lines 156-218, page 6-7

The approach adopted in this study is based on qualitative field research, relying on interviews and direct observation of practices and restoration work carried out within the ksar of Ouled Ali Ben Moussa (Tamentit).

Given the absence of permanent residents within the ksar, the interviewees were selected from people present on site and possessing in-depth knowledge of the area.

The investigation thus focused on those most directly involved in construction processes and knowledge transmission, in order to better understand the reality of these practices.

The main groups of respondents and the reasons for their selection are as follows:

Maâlems or Master Artisans: Respected members of the community, recognized for their mastery of traditional techniques and know-how meeting the expectations of clients. Their expertise was also confirmed through the observation of their work. Priority was given to those who still practice ancient techniques, often threatened with disappearance. However, some maâlems were rather brief in their responses, either due to lack of time or limited interest in participatory discussions.
Active Local Artisans: More directly involved in rehabilitation work, these artisans provide a practical perspective on the current challenges they face, while still mastering part of the traditional techniques.
Members of Heritage Associations: Positioned at the heart of heritage management projects, they have valuable insight into administrative issues and the limits of collective action. Some artisans are also members of these associations.

A total of 11 people were interviewed between November and December 2024:

Profile of the respondents	Number
Master craftsmen (ma’alem)	4
Local artisans/workers	6
Architect	1
Member of a heritage association (both artisans).	2

Nature and conditions of the interviews

The discussions were conducted in a semi-directive manner, allowing participants to freely express their ideas and develop their responses.

The process was made possible through the intermediation of El Idrissi S, president of the heritage association of the ksar. His role was crucial in establishing a climate of trust and facilitating initial contact.

Depending on the participants' preferences, the interviews were conducted either orally—recorded and then manually transcribed—or in writing, using a questionnaire. However, oral exchanges generally proved richer and provided access to more spontaneously expressed discourses and perceptions.

The interviews were conducted in Darija, Algerian spoken Arabic, which is the daily language used within the community. In the presence of former teachers whose accent or dialect sometimes complicated understanding, El Idrissi S. intervened to rephrase or clarify their remarks.

The duration of the recorded interviews varied overall from 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the availability of the participants and the context of the exchange, but also on the interest in the subject.

Investigation locations

The interviews were held mainly inside the ksar or in its immediate surroundings, often at the very places where the artisans worked.

Characteristics of the sample surveyed

Number of The respondent	Age Approximate	Status	Experience	Transmission of knowledge
Surveyed 1	60 and over	Master craftsman	More than 20 years	Sometimes transmits.
Surveyed 2	From 31 to 45 years old	Architect	From 11 to 20 years old	Not forwarding, but would like to.
Surveyed 3	From 31 to 45 years old	Artisan	From 5 to 10 years old	Not forwarding, but would like to.
Surveyed 4	60 and over	Master craftsman	More than 20 years	Transmits regularly
Surveyed 5	From 31 to 45 years old	Craftsmen	From 11 to 20 years old	Sometimes transmits.
Surveyed 6	From 46 to 60 years old	Master craftsman	From 11 to 20 years old	Sometimes transmits.
Surveyed 7	From 46 to 60 years old	Artisan	From 11 to 20 years old	Transmits regularly
Surveyed 8	From 31 to 45 years old	Craftsmen	From 11 to 20 years old	Sometimes transmits.
Surveyed 9	From 31 to 45 years old	Artisan	5 to 10 years	Sometimes transmits.
Surveyed 10	60 and over	Master craftsman	More than 20 years	Sometimes transmits.
Surveyed 11	From 46 to 60 years old	Artisan	5 to 10 years	Not forwarding, but would like to.

It is worth noting here that in the local context, the status of "maâlem" is not always associated with seniority or professional experience. Some craftsmen, despite having many years of practice, do not identify themselves as such. This is often linked to social recognition within the community, but also to the fact that in Algeria, vocational training diplomas mainly focus on modern techniques, thereby excluding traditional know-how.

Themes explored

The interview included several themes aimed at better understanding the journey, practices, and representations of the artisans. However, the analysis presented here deliberately focuses on elements relating to the use of Agharf, its transmission, and the difficulties associated with it.

Practices of transmitting artisanal know-how and the difficulties encountered.
Knowledge related to the use of Agharf and its place in construction techniques.
The methods of harvesting, supplying and implementing Agharf.
Craftsmen's perceptions regarding the advantages, limitations and risks associated with this technique.
The main current difficulties encountered in exercising the profession (access to resources, technical mastery.

Other themes were addressed (relationship with institutions, future of the ksar, etc.) but without constituting sufficient material or directly relevant to the objectives of this article.

Constraints and limitations of the study

The study was not without its challenges, particularly due to travel constraints. Despite prior knowledge of the field acquired during previous visits, Author 1 was unable to visit the site for this survey as often as he wished, thus limiting her direct participation in discussions with the artisans. As mentioned previously, the support of the president of the El Idrissi association was essential. For cultural reasons, author 1, as a woman, would not have been able to engage with the artisans alone. The authors wish to emphasize the importance of respecting local cultural codes and not imposing a presence that could be perceived as intrusive or inappropriate in this context. The mediation of the speaker thus helped establish a bond of trust essential for the smooth running of the interviews. In addition, efforts were made to facilitate communication, particularly with the older participants. Some, not proficient in writing, expressed themselves orally during recorded interviews with their consent. Difficulties related to understanding the local dialect could also arise.

Furthermore, some exchanges were particularly rich and in-depth, while others were limited to briefer exchanges, showing a more distant engagement on the part of some participants. The variations in the interviews demonstrate the limitations of this type of study.

Results

Lines 599-267, page 18-19-20-21

Discussion of results

International initiatives, such as those supported by IUCN and other international projects, illustrate the growing trend towards recognizing the importance of salt as a sustainable material in projects with a strong local identity.

However, the results of this study show that salt rock remains limited in its current use. The artisans interviewed highlighted certain technical difficulties related to its application, particularly in terms of access to materials, transport, and maintenance, which hinder its large-scale deployment.

The interviews conducted with the artisans provided a detailed overview of current practices and the challenges encountered. The table below summarizes the main themes covered, representative verbatim statements, and the issues identified through the testimonies:

Topic covered	Number of respondents concerned	Representative verbatim	Summary of results	Issues identified
Technical knowledge In Agharf	3/11	*"The stone is brought back, erected and filled with clay in the spaces between them, the whole forming a mass of wall"*	Some knowledge is mainly held by the Maâlems, it remains very lacking among young artisans.	Knowledge transmission challenge: Knowledge limited to older generations. Risk of loss of know-how.
Current use of Agharf	5/11	*"Agharf is now used mainly for roofs, not really for construction."*	Extremely marginal use. Limited mainly to one-off interventions, often for preventive purposes.	Revitalization challenge: Limited role of Agharf in current construction, appears as a discreet but essential return in the face of the scarcity of wood.
Technical limitations identified	6/11	*“To build with earth, you first need water, but there isn’t any…”*	Supply difficulties (remote or rare resource), costly logistics (manual or animal transport), mechanical fragility of the material, high regular maintenance constraints.	Logistical and practical challenge: Difficult to mobilize on a large scale. Limits its use as a primary material on construction sites.
Perception of benefits	9/11	*“Agharf is warm in winter and cool in summer.”*	Material perceived as effective against termites and conducive to thermal comfort. Strong heritage value.	Environmental and heritage issue: Material with significant ecological and heritage potential to be preserved.
Perceptions of risks associated with daily use of Agharf	1/11	*"Regarding Agharf, manual work can lead to physical constraints."*	No risks were perceived or mentioned by artisans or master craftsmen. There were no health concerns related to the exploitation of the sebkha.	Health and safety issues for artisans: Risks linked to the continued operation of the sebkha remain to be monitored.
Practices of transmission of know-how in Agharf	5/11	*"The maalem exist, but not the learners."*	Almost non-existent transmission. Limited to a few maintenance gestures transmitted orally.	Issue of transmission of know-how: Transmission as a construction practice has not been pursued.
Reluctance and opposition to participatory construction sites	3/11	*"Houses become stables, and few of us resist... We often even receive criticism."*	Occasional opposition from some residents for economic or aesthetic reasons. Opposition from the state, according to others.	Social and institutional issue: Constitutes an obstacle to future projects.
Economic issues	4/11	*"Some houses have generated income, but the lack of infrastructure limits their development."*	Craftsmen favor local materials (earth, stone, clay), more accessible and less expensive than Agharf.	Local economic issue: Lack of infrastructure to support commercialization and conservation could limit their economic potential.
preservation in connection with tourism	3/11	*"We mostly eat where there are people, when visitors come. Otherwise, we don't do it."*	The motivation of hospitality-oriented stakeholders to preserve the ksar. The Maâlems, for whom tourism remains a sensitive issue, approach it from the perspective of user safety.	Sustainable development challenge: Tourism still far from any real local structure.

Discussion of hypotheses

The results show that salt stone is perceived by artisans as a material with interesting technical qualities (durability, termite resistance, thermal comfort). However, its use remains marginal due to logistical constraints (difficult supply, expensive transport) and declining know-how. This hypothesis is therefore partially validated: the potential exists, but its viability remains limited in current conditions. We confirm the existence of a strong symbolic and heritage attachment to this technique, particularly in the context of tourism projects or cultural promotion. However, this anchoring remains fragile and does not yet constitute a driver of widespread transformation of practices. The hypothesis is therefore generally confirmed.

Finally, the results show that the transmission of know-how is currently very limited, essentially oral, and dependent on the presence of Maâlems. Some tourism projects, moreover, promote the valorization of this know-how on an ad hoc basis, but have not yet resulted in continuous transmission or a considerable economic impact on a larger scale. The hypothesis is therefore partially verified but remains conditioned by a specific and limited framework.

Reflections on the results

The results of this study reveal that, despite logistical and technical challenges, some artisans have launched initiatives, such as the renovation of guest houses, aimed at preserving and promoting traditional practices as well as local cultural heritage. Thus, builders are rediscovering local resources and techniques, combining know-how, sustainability, and cultural heritage [29]. However, these initiatives are sometimes contested, revealing divergent views on the future of the ksar. The return to the use of salt, on the other hand, still seems hesitant. Discussions with artisans highlighted two key aspects of participatory construction sites. The first is access to economic resources. Earth, clay, and sometimes stone are generally abundant, making their extraction inexpensive and sustainable. Another important aspect is the proximity of materials, which allows for optimized project management. It is therefore not surprising to note that all the treated houses are located near gardens. This is not the case with the Agharf technique, which is hampered by the difficulty of accessing the necessary materials, which complicates its application. In addition, the still rudimentary methods of transporting the materials entail additional costs, and the need for regular maintenance is often too costly for local communities. Other significant challenges have been identified, particularly those related to material harvesting.

Furthermore, although salt rock is associated with certain benefits, particularly in terms of air purification, humidity regulation and thermal comfort, its actual effects on health remain poorly documented. In addition, exposure to certain health risks has been proven [30]. The health risks for craftsmen are relatively low due to the significant decline in its integration into construction techniques. Today, craftsmen source salt pebbles directly from the sebkhas and occasionally recover them from old construction sites. However, caution remains necessary, particularly due to the risk of contamination of the sebkhas by urban waste.

Several constraints marked the conduct of this study: mobilizing ma'alem and artisans willing to answer our questions proved complex, their availability often being limited by their own professional constraints. In addition, a lack of knowledge about the materials and the variability of their composition was observed. As mentioned previously, young artisans appear not to have benefited from a complete transmission of these traditional skills, which is a significant indicator of the current state of this practice. These limitations underscore the need for in-depth fieldwork and more structured support to carry out such research in an environment where traditional knowledge, although valuable, remains fragile and difficult to document.

Sincerely

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Reviewer 3 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

There are no relevant comments. The corrections are in line with the indications of the previous review.

Author Response

Thank you for your feedback.

Sincerely

Round 3

Reviewer 1 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

see attached

Comments for author File: Comments.pdf

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Between Tradition and Practical Necessities, the Transmission of the Construction Know-How of Salt Stone Known as Agharf

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