The Application of Three Dimensional Digital Technologies in Historic Gardens and Related Cultural Heritage: A Scoping Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Historic Garden
1.2. 3D Digital Technologies
1.3. Current Application for 3D Digital Technology in Historic Gardens
1.4. Objectives
1.5. Scope
1.6. Structure of Scoping Review
- Identifying research question(s);
- Searching for literature;
- Selecting studies;
- Extracting and mapping data;
- Synthesizing and reporting the results.
- What is the current state in this research field?
- How are 3D digital technologies applied to historic gardens and related heritage objects?
- What could be the current gaps, and which 3D digital techniques and tools could be more suitable or promising for this research field?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria
- Articles published in English or in other languages with available English translations were included.
- Books or conference proceedings were excluded.
- Articles not related to heritage, gardens and 3D digital technologies were excluded.
- Only articles with full text access were included.
2.2. Search Process
- In Scopus, the search query employed a combination of keywords that were found in the article’s title, abstract or author keywords, specifically: TITLE-ABS-KEY ((“Historic” OR “Historical” OR “Heritage” OR “Archaeological”) AND (“Garden” OR “Park”) AND (“Point cloud” OR “3D Survey” OR “3D Modeling” OR “3D Visualization”)). This initial search yielded a total of 158 records.
- In Web of Science, records where the search terms appeared in any part of the database record were retrieved. In detail: ALL = ((“Historic” OR “Historical” OR “Heritage” OR “Archaeological”) AND (“Garden” OR “Park”) AND (“Point cloud” OR “3D Survey” OR “3D Modeling” OR “3D Visualization”)). The preliminary search query resulted in the retrieval of 103 records.
2.3. Screening
2.4. Data Charting
- Reference: Author(s)/Date of publication;
- Source: Publishers/Journals or organizations contributing to academic work;
- Country (for studies with authors from different countries, the affiliations were grouped under “International cooperation” or “European cooperation”);
- Types of heritage studied;
- Location of heritage;
- 3D digital techniques and tools applied;
- Objectives and results.
2.5. Analysis and Synthesis
3. Results
3.1. Overview of the Included Studies
3.1.1. Interannual Distribution of Paper
3.1.2. Distribution of the Affiliations of Researcher by Country
3.1.3. Distribution of Authors
3.1.4. Distribution of Sources
3.1.5. Types of Cultural Heritage Studied
3.1.6. 3D Digital Techniques for Data Acquisition in Historic Gardens and Related Fields
3.1.7. 3D Digital Technologies in Historic Gardens and Their Use by End Users
3.2. Key Studies
3.2.1. Survey of Historic Gardens or Parks in the Past
3.2.2. 3D Survey of Historic Gardens
3.2.3. 3D Survey of Natural Elements
3.2.4. 3D Survey of Historic Parks
3.2.5. Other 3D Digital Technologies for Historic Gardens
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
3D | Three Dimensional |
UAV | Unmanned Aerial Vehicle |
CH | Cultural Heritage |
ICOMOS | The International Council on Monuments and Sites |
UNESCO | The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
CAD | Computer-aided Design |
ALS | Airborne Laser Scanning |
MLS | Mobile Laser Scanning |
TLS | Terrestrial Laser Scanning |
GIS | Geographic Information Systems |
VR | Virtual Reality |
AR | Augmented Reality |
PRISMA-ScR | Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews |
BIM | Building Information Modeling |
GNSS | Global Navigation Satellite System |
TDP | Terrestrial Digital Photogrammetry |
UAVDP | Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Digital Photogrammetry |
HXSZ | Huanxiu Shanzhuang |
MMS | Mobile Mapping Systems |
IMMS | Indoor Mobile Mapping Systems |
DBH | Diameter at Breast Height |
SLAM | Simultaneous Localization and Mapping |
SfM | Structure from Motion |
AI | Artificial Intelligence |
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Adjectives for Heritage Construct | Garden Construct | 3D Digital Technologies Construct |
---|---|---|
Historic | Garden | Point cloud |
Historical | Park | 3D survey |
Heritage | 3D modeling | |
Archeological | 3D visualization |
Adjectives for Heritage Construct (AND) | Garden Construct (AND) | 3D Digital Technologies Construct (AND) | Number of Studies |
---|---|---|---|
Historic OR Historical OR Heritage OR Archeological | Garden OR Park | Point cloud OR 3D survey OR 3D modeling OR 3D visualization | 158 in Scopus |
103 in Web of Science |
Source Title | Type | Covering the Categories | h-Index | Publisher | Number of Selected |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences—ISPRS Archives | Conferences and Proceedings | Geography; Planning and Development; Information Systems | 87 | International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing | 15 |
ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences | Conferences and Proceedings | Earth and Planetary Sciences; Environmental Science; Instrumentation | 53 | Copernicus GmbH | 3 |
Heritage Science | Journals | Archeology (Q1); Archeology (arts and humanities) (Q1); Conservation (Q1); Chemistry (miscellaneous) (Q2); Computer Science Applications (Q2); Materials Science (miscellaneous) (Q2); Spectroscopy (Q2) | 35 | Springer Science + Business Media | 3 |
Urban Forestry & Urban Greening | Journals | Ecology (Q1); Forestry (Q1); Soil Science (Q1) | 117 | Elsevier GmbH | 2 |
Journal of Cultural Heritage | Journals | Anthropology (Q1); Archeology (arts and humanities) (Q1); Conservation (Q1); Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) (Q1); History (Q1); Chemistry (miscellaneous) (Q2); Computer Science Applications (Q2); Materials Science (miscellaneous) (Q2); Spectroscopy (Q2) | 84 | Elsevier Masson s.r.l. | 2 |
Virtual Archaeology Review | Journals | Archeology (Q1); Archeology (arts and humanities) (Q1); Conservation (Q1); Computer Science Applications (Q3) | 17 | Universitat Politecnica de Valencia | 2 |
PLoS ONE | Journals | Multidisciplinary (Q1) | 435 | Public Library of Science | 1 |
AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION | Journals | Building and Construction (Q1); Civil and Structural Engineering (Q1); Control and Systems Engineering (Q1) | 176 | Elsevier B.V. | 1 |
Sustainability (Switzerland) | Journals | Geography, Planning and Development (Q1); Computer Networks and Communications (Q2); Energy Engineering and Power Technology (Q2); Environmental Science (miscellaneous) (Q2); Hardware and Architecture (Q2); Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law (Q2); Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment (Q2) | 169 | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) | 1 |
Landslides | Journals | Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology (Q1) | 113 | Springer Verlag | 1 |
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Share and Cite
Li, F.; Achille, C.; Vassena, G.P.M.; Fassi, F. The Application of Three Dimensional Digital Technologies in Historic Gardens and Related Cultural Heritage: A Scoping Review. Heritage 2025, 8, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020046
Li F, Achille C, Vassena GPM, Fassi F. The Application of Three Dimensional Digital Technologies in Historic Gardens and Related Cultural Heritage: A Scoping Review. Heritage. 2025; 8(2):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020046
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Fangming, Cristiana Achille, Giorgio Paolo Maria Vassena, and Francesco Fassi. 2025. "The Application of Three Dimensional Digital Technologies in Historic Gardens and Related Cultural Heritage: A Scoping Review" Heritage 8, no. 2: 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020046
APA StyleLi, F., Achille, C., Vassena, G. P. M., & Fassi, F. (2025). The Application of Three Dimensional Digital Technologies in Historic Gardens and Related Cultural Heritage: A Scoping Review. Heritage, 8(2), 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020046