Are We Betting on the Wrong Horse? Insignificant Archaeological Leather Fragments Provide the First Evidence for the Exploitation of Horsehide in Renaissance Denmark
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Analysis of Largescale Leather Materials Using a Citizen Science Approach
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Selection for the Pilot Study
2.2. The Archaeological Material
2.3. Species Identification by Protein Analysis
2.4. Citizen Science Approach Involving High School Students
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Intra-Sample Variation
4.2. Screening of Archaeological Environments, Object Groups, and Species Range
4.3. The Use of Horsehide in the Renaissance
4.4. Evidence of Hunted Game in Copenhagen
4.5. Cultural Historical Value and the Opportunity for Analyses
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Internal Sample No. | (P1) | α2(I) 988–1000 (A) | α2(I) 494–508 (B) | α2(I) 512–529 (C) | (P2) | α2(I) 803–826 (D) | E | α1(I) 602–634 (F) | α2(I) 767–799 (G) | ZooMS ID |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40, 1_5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
40, 2_3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
40, 2_5 | 1105.6 | - | 1427.7 | 1580.8? | 1648.8 | 2131.1? | - | 2853.4? | - | Bovidae/cervidae? |
42, 1_4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
43, 1_2 | 1105.6 | 1192.7 + 1208.7 | 1427.7 | 1580.8 | 1648.8 | 2131.1 | 2792.3 | 2853.4 | 3017.5 + 3033.5 | Cattle * |
43, 1_4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2853.4 | 3033.5? | No ID |
45?, ? | 1105.6? | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
45, 1_4? | 1105.6? | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
46, 1_3 | 1105.6? | - | 1427.7? | - | 1648.8? | - | - | - | - | No ID |
107?, 1_2 | - | - | - | - | 1648.8? | 2131.1 | 2792.3 | 2853.4? | 3017.5? + 3033.5? | Bovidae |
120, 1_3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
120, 1_5 | 1105.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
123, 1_3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
123, 1_5 | 1105.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
166, ? | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
166, 1_5 | 1105.6 | - | 1427.7 | 1580.8 | 1648.8 | 2131.1 | 2792.3 | 2853.4 | 3017.5 | Cattle * |
171, 1_3 | 1105.6 | - | 1427.7? | - | 1648.8? | - | - | 2853.4 | 3017.5? + 3033.5 | Cattle ** |
171, 1_5 | 1105.6 | 1192.7 + 1208.7 | 1427.7 | 1580.8 | 1648.8 | 2131.1 | 2792.3 | 2853.4 | 3017.5 + 3033.5 | Cattle * |
173, 1_3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
173, 1_5 | 1105.6 | - | 1427.7 | - | 1648.8 | - | - | - | - | No ID |
Internal Sample No. | (P1) | α2(I) 988–1000 (A) | α2(I) 494–508 (B) | α2(I) 512–529 (C) | (P2) | α2(I) 803–826 (D) | E | α1(I) 602–634 (F) | α2(I) 767–799 (G) | ZooMS ID |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5, 1_3 | 1105.6? | 1192.7? + 1208.7? | 1427.7 | - | 1648.8 | 2131.1 | 2792.3? | 2853.4 | 3017.5 + 3033.5 | Cattle ** |
5, 1_4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
26, 1_3 | 1105.6? | - | 1427.7 | 1580.8? | 1648.8 | 2131.1 | 2792.3 | 2853.4 | 3017.5 + 3033.5 | Cattle ** |
26, 1_4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
27, 1_3 | 1105.6 | 1192.7? + 1208.7 | 1427.7 | - | 1648.8 | 2131.1 | - | 2853.4 | 3017.5? + 3033.5 | Cattle * |
27, 1_4 | 1105.6? | 1208.7? | 1427.7? | - | 1648.8? | 2131.1? | - | 2853.4 | 3017.5? + 3033.5 | Cattle ** |
28, 1_3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2853.4 | - | No ID |
28, 1_4 | 1105.6 | 1192.7? + 1208.7? | 1427.7 | 1580.8? | 1648.8? | 2131.1? | - | 2853.4? | 3017.5? + 3033.5 | Bovidae/cervidae |
28, 2_3 | 1105.6 | - | 1427.7? | - | 1648.8 | - | - | 2853.4 | 3033.5 | Cattle ** |
29, 1_3 | 1105.6? | - | 1427.7? | - | 1648.8? | - | - | - | - | No ID |
29, 1_4 | 1105.6? | - | 1427.7 | - | 1648.8? | - | - | - | - | No ID |
30, 2_3? | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
30, 2_4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
40, 2_3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
42, 1_4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
101, 1_5 | 1105.6? | - | 1427.7 | - | 1648.8 | 2131.1 | - | 2853.4? | 3017.5? + 3033.5 | Bovidae/cervidae |
102, 1_4? | 1105.6? | 1192.7? + 1208.7? | 1427.7 | - | 1648.8? | 2131.1 | - | - | 3033.5 | Bovidae/cervidae |
103, 1_4 | 1105.6 | 1182.6? | 1427.7 | - | - | 2145.1 | 2820.4 | 2883.4 | - | Equidae |
104, 1_3 | - | - | 1427.7 | - | 1648.8? | 2131.1 | - | 2853.4? | 3017.5? + 3033.5 | Bovidae/cervidae |
104, 1_4 | - | - | - | - | - | 2131.1? | - | 2853.4? | 3017.5? + 3033.5 | No ID |
126, 1_2 | 1105.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
126, 1_3 | 1105.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
127, 1_3? | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2853.4? | 3017.5? + 3033.5 | No ID |
127? 1_4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2853.4? | 3017.5? | No ID |
128?, 2_4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
129?, 1_2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
129, 1_5 | - | - | 1427.7? | - | - | - | 2792.3? | 2853.4? | - | No ID |
130, 1_2 | 1105.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
131, 1_4 | 1105.6 | - | 1427.7 | - | 1648.8 | 2131.1 | 2792.3 | 2853.4 | 3017.5 + 3033.5 | Cattle ** |
132, 1_3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
132, 1_5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
134, 1_3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
134, 1_5 | 1105.6 | 1180.6 | 1427.7 | 1550.8 | 1648.8 | 2131.1 | 2792.3 | 2883.4 | 3017.5 + 3033.5 | Cervidae † |
136, 1_2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | No ID |
Internal Sample No. | (P1) | α2(I) 988–1000 (A) | α2(I) 494–508 (B) | α2(I) 512–529 (C) | (P2) | α2(I) 803–826 (D) | E | α1(I) 602–634 (F) | α2(I) 767–799 (G) | ZooMS ID |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
134_LØB | 1105.6 | 1180.6 | 1427.7 | 1550.8 | 1648.8 | 2131.1 | - | 2883.4 | 3017.5? + 3033.5 | Cervidae † |
103_LØB | 1105.6 | 1182.6 | 1427.7 | - | - | - | 2820.4? | 2883.4 | - | Equidae |
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Object | High School | Internal Sample No. | Species ID |
---|---|---|---|
Shoe element | 2 | 40, 1_5 | No ID |
Shoe element | 1 | 40, 2_3 | No ID |
2 | 40, 2_5 | Bovidae/cervidae? | |
Sole from shoe | 1 | 42, 1_4 | No ID |
Sole from shoe | 2 | 43, 1_2 | Cattle * |
1 | 43, 1_4 | No ID | |
Unknown | 1 | 45?, ? | No ID |
2 | 45, 1_4? | No ID | |
Heel from shoe | 1 | 46, 1_3 | No ID |
Unknown | 1 | 107?, 1_2 | Bovidae |
Heel from Shoe | 1 | 120, 1_3 | No ID |
2 | 120, 1_5 | No ID | |
Unknown | 1 | 123, 1_3 | No ID |
2 | 123, 1_5 | No iD | |
Sole from shoe | 1 | 166, ? | No ID |
2 | 166, 1_5 | Cattle * | |
Heel from shoe | 1 | 171, 1_3 | Cattle ** |
2 | 171, 1_5 | Cattle * | |
Unknown | 1 | 173, 1_3 | No ID |
2 | 173, 1_5 | No ID |
Object | High School | Internal Sample No. | Species ID |
---|---|---|---|
Belt | 2 | 5, 1_3 | Cattle ** |
1 | 5, 1_4 | No ID | |
Offcut | 2 | 26, 1_3 | Cattle ** |
1 | 26, 1_4 | No ID | |
Unknown | 2 | 27, 1_3 | Cattle * |
1 | 27, 1_4 | Cattle ** | |
Unknown | 2 | 28, 2_3 | Cattle ** |
Unknown | 2 | 28, 1_3 | No ID |
1 | 28, 1_4 | Bovidae/cervidae | |
Unknown | 2 | 29, 1_3 | No ID |
1 | 29, 1_4 | No ID | |
Unknown | 2 | 30, 2_3? | No ID |
1 | 30, 2_4 | No ID | |
Belt | 2 | 101, 1_5 | Bovidae/cervidae |
Belt | 2 | 102, 1_4? | Bovidae/cervidae |
Belt | 2 | 103, 1_4 | Equidae |
Belt | 2 | 104, 1_3 | Bovidae/cervidae |
1 | 104, 1_4 | No ID | |
Sole from shoe | 1 | 126, 1_2 | No ID |
2 | 126, 1_3 | No ID | |
Sole from shoe | 1 | 127, 1_3? | No ID |
2 | 127?, 1_4 | No ID | |
Sole from shoe | 1 | 128?, 2_4 | No ID |
Heel from shoe | 1 | 129?, 1_2 | No ID |
2 | 129, 1_5 | No ID | |
Sole from shoe | 1 | 130, 1_2 | No ID |
Belt | 2 | 131, 1_4 | Cattle ** |
Sole from shoe | 1 | 132, 1_3 | No ID |
2 | 132, 1_5 | No ID | |
Unknown | 1 | 134, 1_3 | No ID |
2 | 134, 1_5 | Cervidae † | |
Unknown | 1 | 136, 1_2 | No ID |
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Brandt, L.Ø.; Lillemark, M.R.; Toftdal, M.; Andersen, V.L.; Tøttrup, A.P. Are We Betting on the Wrong Horse? Insignificant Archaeological Leather Fragments Provide the First Evidence for the Exploitation of Horsehide in Renaissance Denmark. Heritage 2022, 5, 972-990. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage5020053
Brandt LØ, Lillemark MR, Toftdal M, Andersen VL, Tøttrup AP. Are We Betting on the Wrong Horse? Insignificant Archaeological Leather Fragments Provide the First Evidence for the Exploitation of Horsehide in Renaissance Denmark. Heritage. 2022; 5(2):972-990. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage5020053
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrandt, Luise Ørsted, Marie Rathcke Lillemark, Mia Toftdal, Vivi Lena Andersen, and Anders P. Tøttrup. 2022. "Are We Betting on the Wrong Horse? Insignificant Archaeological Leather Fragments Provide the First Evidence for the Exploitation of Horsehide in Renaissance Denmark" Heritage 5, no. 2: 972-990. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage5020053