On the Two Working Palettes of Almada Negreiros at DN Building in Lisbon (1939–1940): First Analytical Approach and Insight on the Use of Cd Based Pigments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. In Loco Research
2.1.1. Technical Photography in the Visible Light Range (Vis and Vis-Racking), Ultraviolet Induced Visible Fluorescence (UVF) and Near Infrared at 1000 nm (NIR1000)
2.1.2. Portable Optical Microscopy (p-OM)
2.1.3. Spectrophotometry in the Visible Range
2.1.4. Handled X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (h-EDXRF)
2.2. Laboratory Research
2.2.1. Optical Microscopy (OM-Vis-UV)
2.2.2. X-ray Diffraction (μ-XRD)
2.2.3. Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS)
2.2.4. Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (μ-FT-IR)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Pictorial Support (Mortar)
3.2. Paint Layers (Pigments)
3.2.1. Cadmium Based Pigments
3.2.2. Other Hues Obtained with Cadmium Pigments
3.3. Paint Layers (Binders and Pictorial Technique)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Colors | Sample | Al | Ba | Ca | Cd | Cl | Co | Cr | Cu | Fe | K | Mn | Pb | Rb | S | Se | Si | Sr | Ti | Zn | Zr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yellow | B4_a | 0.020 | - | 46.049 | - | 0.076 | - | 0.034 | 0.203 | 6.302 | 0.769 | 0.051 | - | 0.394 | 1.001 | - | 0.285 | 0.267 | 0.235 | 0.083 | 0.106 |
B4_b | 0.012 | - | 53.089 | - | 0.090 | - | 0.037 | 0.102 | 6.580 | 0.983 | 0.104 | - | 0.447 | 0.758 | - | 0.257 | 0.261 | 0.218 | 0.082 | 0.133 | |
B5_a | 0.011 | - | 42.687 | 1.125 | 0.018 | - | 0.029 | 0.123 | 2.690 | 0.750 | 0.057 | - | 0.423 | 0.927 | - | 0.248 | 0.305 | 0.233 | 0.111 | 0.146 | |
B5_b | 0.015 | - | 36.693 | 0.953 | 0.059 | - | 0.019 | 0.193 | 3.817 | 1.120 | 0.054 | - | 0.509 | 0.739 | - | 0.228 | 0.341 | 0.284 | 0.097 | 0.109 | |
B6_a | 0.009 | - | 43.187 | 0.581 | 0.030 | - | 0.047 | 0.129 | 2.270 | 1.061 | 0.044 | - | 0.415 | 0.901 | - | 0.284 | 0.286 | 0.208 | 0.059 | 0.103 | |
B6_b | 0.015 | - | 42.742 | 1.045 | - | - | 0.038 | 0.135 | 2.593 | 0.963 | 0.079 | - | 0.481 | 1.115 | - | 0.198 | 0.319 | 0.200 | 0.055 | 0.129 | |
B7_a | 0.015 | - | 44.732 | 0.479 | 0.052 | - | 0.020 | 0.138 | 2.210 | 1.104 | 0.041 | - | 0.450 | 1.083 | - | 0.308 | 0.276 | 0.243 | 0.065 | 0.113 | |
B7_b | 0.012 | - | 45.913 | 0.378 | 0.037 | - | 0.007 | 0.138 | 2.392 | 0.794 | 0.067 | - | 0.473 | 1.093 | - | 0.288 | 0.312 | 0.221 | 0.087 | 0.121 | |
orange | A24_a | 0.019 | - | 78.594 | 0.296 | 0.186 | - | 0.014 | 0.099 | 4.431 | 0.243 | 0.079 | - | 0.349 | 0.645 | 1.253 | 0.093 | 0.314 | 0.137 | 0.095 | 0.261 |
A24_b | 0.015 | - | 70.952 | 0.240 | 0.141 | - | 0.007 | 0.106 | 3.677 | 0.241 | 0.145 | - | 0.315 | 0.674 | 0.977 | 0.101 | 0.258 | 0.129 | 0.089 | 0.203 | |
LF-25 | - | - | - | 29.625 | - | - | 0.028 | 0.082 | 0.388 | - | - | 0.091 | - | 1.993 | - | - | - | 0.352 | 0.167 | - | |
red | A21_a | 0.013 | - | 44.191 | 1.840 | 0.025 | - | 0.016 | 0.153 | 2.544 | 0.476 | 0.149 | - | 0.345 | 0.895 | 7.288 | 0.072 | 0.264 | 0.151 | 0.109 | 0.100 |
A21_b | 0.011 | - | 45.952 | 1.685 | 0.019 | - | 0.014 | 0.103 | 2.357 | 0.412 | 0.128 | - | 0.302 | 1.013 | 6.947 | 0.095 | 0.264 | 0.145 | 0.107 | 0.096 | |
B10_a | 0.025 | - | 46.138 | 0.396 | 0.005 | - | 0.031 | 0.118 | 1.914 | 0.717 | 0.062 | - | 0.396 | 1.088 | 1.203 | 0.301 | 0.321 | 0.158 | 0.055 | 0.128 | |
B11_a | 0.017 | - | 50.137 | 0.097 | 0.037 | - | 0.029 | 0.135 | 2.331 | 0.778 | 0.079 | - | 0.455 | 1.058 | 0.462 | 0.257 | 0.401 | 0.156 | 0.089 | 0.247 | |
B12_a | 0.016 | - | 37.260 | 3.404 | 0.009 | - | 0.003 | 0.115 | 1.972 | 0.889 | 0.084 | - | 0.377 | 1.417 | 12.928 | 0.227 | 0.274 | 0.149 | 0.152 | 0.104 | |
B12_b | 0.026 | - | 32.541 | 2.814 | - | - | 0.006 | 0.131 | 1.956 | 1.106 | 0.074 | - | 0.423 | 1.040 | 10.384 | 0.280 | 0.278 | 0.155 | 0.082 | 0.099 | |
LF-8 | - | - | - | 36.844 | - | - | 0.020 | 0.111 | 0.306 | - | - | - | - | 2.836 | 76.925 | - | - | 0.255 | 0.239 | - | |
LF-24 | - | - | - | 38.259 | - | - | 0.025 | 0.124 | 0.442 | - | - | - | - | 2.038 | 97.999 | - | - | 0.263 | 0.113 | - | |
pink | A10_a | 0.007 | - | 71.000 | - | 0.187 | - | 0.012 | 0.117 | 7.542 | 0.325 | 0.167 | - | 0.372 | 0.673 | - | 0.089 | 0.253 | 0.189 | 0.087 | 0.202 |
A10_b | 0.003 | - | 66.638 | - | 0.175 | - | 0.021 | 0.169 | 6.521 | 0.423 | 0.158 | - | 0.410 | 0.526 | - | 0.074 | 0.255 | 0.277 | 0.109 | 0.136 | |
brown | A26_a | 0.022 | - | 62.028 | 0.142 | 0.176 | 0.742 | 0.005 | 0.132 | 7.107 | 0.639 | 0.160 | - | 0.437 | 0.554 | 0.690 | 0.125 | 0.258 | 0.209 | 0.092 | 0.120 |
A26_b | 0.015 | - | 61.164 | 0.177 | 0.179 | 0.791 | 0.008 | 0.144 | 7.877 | 0.628 | 0.117 | - | 0.385 | 0.599 | 0.833 | 0.158 | 0.266 | 0.201 | 0.103 | 0.142 | |
B15_a | 0.017 | - | 43.263 | 0.011 | 0.072 | - | 0.013 | 0.231 | 8.243 | 0.633 | 0.038 | - | 0.441 | 1.459 | 0.019 | 0.259 | 0.320 | 0.252 | 0.069 | 0.107 | |
B20_a | 0.017 | - | 57.464 | - | 0.147 | - | 0.024 | 0.681 | 48.618 | 0.432 | 0.243 | 0.850 | 0.399 | 1.467 | - | 0.206 | 0.249 | 0.234 | 2.342 | 0.124 | |
green | A2_a | 0.019 | 0.008 | 33.424 | 0.664 | 0.135 | - | 1.038 | 0.204 | 17.204 | 0.939 | 0.278 | - | 0.433 | 0.335 | - | 0.318 | 0.412 | 0.346 | 0.108 | 0.151 |
A2_b | 0.027 | 0.006 | 37.299 | 0.537 | 0.143 | - | 0.916 | 0.171 | 14.612 | 0.927 | 0.241 | - | 0.380 | 0.380 | - | 0.307 | 0.351 | 0.308 | 0.075 | 0.139 | |
A3_a | 0.018 | 0.005 | 30.670 | 0.826 | 0.149 | - | 1.377 | 0.116 | 21.496 | 0.883 | 0.321 | - | 0.432 | 0.431 | - | 0.354 | 0.413 | 0.300 | 0.137 | 0.163 | |
A3_b | 0.021 | 0.009 | 28.901 | 0.741 | 0.149 | - | 1.286 | 0.180 | 20.270 | 0.900 | 0.282 | - | 0.430 | 0.402 | - | 0.385 | 0.424 | 0.415 | 0.114 | 0.154 | |
A6_a | 0.032 | 0.009 | 30.384 | 1.086 | 0.130 | - | 1.429 | 0.150 | 24.763 | 0.950 | 0.366 | - | 0.446 | 0.489 | - | 0.377 | 0.530 | 0.447 | 0.143 | 0.158 | |
A6_b | 0.031 | 0.015 | 27.503 | 0.966 | 0.098 | - | 1.464 | 0.201 | 25.082 | 0.901 | 0.400 | - | 0.386 | 0.408 | - | 0.348 | 0.476 | 0.477 | 0.121 | 0.141 | |
A7_a | 0.022 | 0.009 | 32.474 | 1.687 | 0.113 | 1.016 | 0.029 | 0.147 | 15.857 | 0.870 | 0.213 | - | 0.391 | 0.569 | - | 0.306 | 0.428 | 0.329 | 0.143 | 0.142 | |
A7_b | 0.021 | 0.010 | 34.117 | 1.273 | 0.093 | 0.668 | 0.021 | 0.176 | 14.078 | 0.948 | 0.191 | - | 0.423 | 0.515 | - | 0.293 | 0.342 | 0.342 | 0.183 | 0.131 | |
A8_a | 0.015 | 0.012 | 38.217 | 0.636 | 0.147 | - | 0.023 | 0.133 | 13.132 | 0.976 | 0.221 | - | 0.493 | 0.423 | - | 0.301 | 0.336 | 0.288 | 0.172 | 0.115 | |
A8_b | 0.015 | 0.005 | 34.409 | 0.689 | 0.136 | - | 0.027 | 0.125 | 14.258 | 0.766 | 0.222 | - | 0.407 | 0.388 | - | 0.295 | 0.324 | 0.286 | 0.088 | 0.148 | |
A30_a | 0.022 | 0.011 | 44.440 | - | 0.200 | - | 0.022 | 0.154 | 19.395 | 0.623 | 0.316 | - | 0.397 | 0.323 | - | 0.258 | 0.510 | 0.236 | 0.137 | 0.131 | |
A30_b | 0.019 | 0.015 | 49.661 | - | 0.185 | - | 0.020 | 0.141 | 15.130 | 0.499 | 0.270 | - | 0.329 | 0.370 | - | 0.259 | 0.438 | 0.345 | 0.126 | 0.113 | |
A33_a | 0.020 | 0.006 | 34.633 | 1.193 | 0.092 | 1.184 | 0.018 | 0.106 | 17.683 | 0.820 | 0.237 | - | 0.406 | 0.430 | - | 0.308 | 0.456 | 0.360 | 0.131 | 0.129 | |
A33_b | 0.025 | 0.004 | 36.969 | 0.980 | 0.072 | 1.634 | 0.014 | 0.094 | 15.772 | 0.779 | 0.233 | - | 0.409 | 0.424 | - | 0.285 | 0.429 | 0.352 | 0.125 | 0.119 | |
B33_a | 0.017 | 0.009 | 43.014 | 0.916 | 0.038 | 0.375 | 0.024 | 0.109 | 8.575 | 0.663 | 0.140 | - | 0.389 | 1.199 | - | 0.269 | 0.386 | 0.388 | 0.099 | 0.099 | |
B34_a | 0.021 | - | 45.915 | 1.177 | 0.055 | 4.436 | 0.052 | 0.109 | 2.227 | 0.688 | 0.059 | - | 0.393 | 1.335 | - | 0.248 | 0.300 | 0.313 | 0.166 | 0.120 | |
B34_b | 0.022 | - | 49.320 | 1.243 | 0.060 | 4.413 | 0.005 | 0.109 | 1.842 | 0.443 | 0.053 | - | 0.353 | 1.408 | - | 0.162 | 0.301 | 0.751 | 0.156 | 0.096 | |
B36_a | 0.019 | - | 56.828 | 0.640 | 0.085 | 1.768 | 0.014 | 0.112 | 2.415 | 0.422 | 0.051 | - | 0.397 | 1.924 | - | 0.131 | 0.308 | 0.176 | 0.116 | 0.146 | |
blue | A12_a | 0.021 | - | 59.507 | - | 0.160 | - | 0.004 | 0.120 | 2.689 | 0.630 | 0.139 | - | 0.361 | 0.961 | - | 0.183 | 0.242 | 0.198 | 0.125 | 0.167 |
A12_b | 0.013 | - | 61.535 | - | 0.143 | - | 0.035 | 0.113 | 2.536 | 0.497 | 0.137 | - | 0.360 | 0.979 | - | 0.152 | 0.279 | 0.239 | 0.094 | 0.136 | |
A13_a | 0.006 | - | 56.762 | - | 0.151 | - | 0.056 | 0.152 | 2.785 | 0.467 | 0.117 | - | 0.429 | 0.514 | - | 0.130 | 0.231 | 0.234 | 0.069 | 0.092 | |
A13_b | 0.016 | - | 57.685 | - | 0.146 | - | 0.006 | 0.156 | 2.537 | 0.371 | 0.083 | - | 0.375 | 0.537 | - | 0.089 | 0.294 | 0.212 | 0.080 | 0.083 | |
B35_a | 0.038 | - | 54.411 | - | 0.123 | 8.364 | 0.027 | 0.098 | 2.192 | 0.602 | 0.046 | 0.132 | 0.389 | 1.297 | - | 0.186 | 0.309 | 0.451 | 0.159 | 0.090 | |
B35_b | 0.027 | - | 56.309 | - | 0.090 | 6.954 | - | 0.122 | 1.945 | 0.437 | 0.044 | 0.114 | 0.392 | 1.527 | - | 0.125 | 0.298 | 0.323 | 0.110 | 0.083 | |
B37_a | 0.035 | - | 47.581 | - | 0.062 | - | 0.014 | 0.105 | 2.545 | 0.736 | 0.042 | - | 0.430 | 1.240 | - | 0.312 | 0.316 | 0.236 | 0.094 | 0.146 | |
B37_b | 0.028 | - | 46.604 | - | 0.071 | - | 0.014 | 0.117 | 2.239 | 0.741 | 0.032 | - | 0.396 | 1.197 | - | 0.273 | 0.265 | 0.245 | 0.070 | 0.101 |
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Sample Ref. | Compounds Identified (Characteristic Absorption Bands (cm−1)) |
---|---|
A2 | Aluminosilicate (3696, 3616, 1031, 1010, 782, 764, 692, 646) Gypsum (3404, 1620, 611) Calcite (2512, 1795, 1424, 874, 713) |
A3 | Aluminosilicate (3693, 3621, 1113, 1028, 1009, 778, 761, 693, 646) Gypsum (3407, 1619, 670, 612) Calcite (2512, 1795, 1419, 874, 713) |
A6 | Aluminosilicate (3691, 1112, 1029, 1006, 648) Gypsum (3555, 3406, 1620, 669) Calcite (2514, 1795, 1418, 875, 714) |
A7 | Aluminosilicate (3696, 3651, 3619, 1110, 1026, 1011, 781, 693, 646) Quartz (798, 780, 694) Gypsum (3408, 1620, 669) Calcite (2511, 1794, 1409, 873, 712) |
A8 | Aluminosilicate (3697, 3618, 1033, 1009, 781, 695) Gypsum (3545, 3401, 1620, 1148, 1118, 671) Calcite (2511, 1795, 1416, 875, 713) |
B4 | Aluminosilicate (3698, 3668, 3647, 3618, 1107, 1031, 1007, 914) Calcite (2509, 1794, 1408, 873, 712) |
B5 | Otavite (1414, 861, 835, 723) Calcite (2512, 1795, 1419, 874, 713) Sulfate (1155, 1008) |
B6 | Inorganic compound (1144, 669, 628) Calcite (2512, 1795, 1418, 874, 713) |
B7 | Otavite (114, 859, 721) Calcite (2512, 1794, 1415, 873, 713) |
B9 | Aluminosilicate (1040, 1009) Calcite (2513, 1795, 1419, 874, 713) |
B10 | Calcite (2511, 1795, 1427, 875, 713) Gypsum (1138, 671, 606) |
B11 | Sulfate (1156, 1137) Aluminosilicate (3692, 1043) Calcite (2511, 1794, 1419, 874, 712) |
B12 | Aluminosilicate (1034, 1009, 914) Calcite (2512, 1795, 1405, 874, 712) |
B15 | Aluminosilicate (3697, 3669, 3651, 3620, 1113, 1033, 937, 914) Quartz (1164, 799, 778, 694) Calcite (2511, 1794, 1419, 874, 713) |
B15 (Fiber) | Natural fiber-vegetable (2897, 1594, 1376, 1324, 1265, 1233, 1203, 1158, 1107, 1057, 898, 666, 618) Calcite (2517, 1794, 1421, 874, 712) |
B33 | Aluminosilicate (1032, 1010, 779, 694) Calcite (2512, 1795, 1428, 874, 713) |
B34 | Aluminosilicate (3692, 3677, 3651) Calcite (2511, 1794, 1410, 873, 713) Gypsum (3409, 1130, 671, 607) |
B35 | Inorganic compound (1645, 1115, 1047, 690) Calcite (2516, 1798, 1455, 873, 712) |
B37 | Ultramarine blue (1005, 694, 667) Calcite (2515, 1795, 1451, 874, 711) Gypsum (3536, 3405, 3244, 1682, 1622, 1131, 1005, 667) |
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Gil, M.; Costa, M.; Cardoso, A.; Valadas, S.; Helvaci, Y.; Bhattacharya, S.; Moita, P.; Candeias, A. On the Two Working Palettes of Almada Negreiros at DN Building in Lisbon (1939–1940): First Analytical Approach and Insight on the Use of Cd Based Pigments. Heritage 2021, 4, 4578-4595. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040252
Gil M, Costa M, Cardoso A, Valadas S, Helvaci Y, Bhattacharya S, Moita P, Candeias A. On the Two Working Palettes of Almada Negreiros at DN Building in Lisbon (1939–1940): First Analytical Approach and Insight on the Use of Cd Based Pigments. Heritage. 2021; 4(4):4578-4595. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040252
Chicago/Turabian StyleGil, Milene, Mafalda Costa, Ana Cardoso, Sara Valadas, Yigit Helvaci, Sriradha Bhattacharya, Patricia Moita, and Antonio Candeias. 2021. "On the Two Working Palettes of Almada Negreiros at DN Building in Lisbon (1939–1940): First Analytical Approach and Insight on the Use of Cd Based Pigments" Heritage 4, no. 4: 4578-4595. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040252