Lime Production in the Late Chalcolithic Period: The Case of Arslantepe (Eastern Anatolia)
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Archaeological Setting
3. Geological Setting
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Methods
5. Results
5.1. Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM)
5.2. X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD)
5.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy Coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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General Chronological Sequence | Arslantepe Periods | Dendrochronology 14C Calibrated Date |
---|---|---|
Late Roman and Byzantine Age | I | |
Iron Age | II–III | 1100–712 BCE |
Late Bronze Age II | IV | 1600–1200 BCE |
Late Bronze Age I | VB | 1750–1600 BCE |
Middle Bronze | VA | 2000–1750 BCE |
Early Bronze Age III | VID | 2500–2000 BCE |
Early Bronze Age II | VIC | 2750–2500 BCE |
Early Bronze Age I | VI B2–B1 | 3100–2750 BCE |
Late Chalcolithic 5 (Late Uruk) | VIA | 3400–3100 BCE |
Late Chalcolithic 3–4 | VII | 3800–3400 BCE |
Late Chalcolithic 1–2 | VIII | 4250–3800 BCE |
Sample | Binder | Aggregate | Porosity | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
A900 M2 VII 2007/102 | air-hardening calcium-rich lime homogeneous micritic texture | quartz calcite clay minerals | irregular shape no orientation secondary calcite | B/A < 1:3 |
A950 M1 VII 2017/1 | air-hardening calcium-rich lime homogeneous micritic texture | quartz calcite plagioclase clinopyroxene siliceous rock fragments clay minerals uncalcined lumps charcoal fragments | irregular shape no orientation secondary calcite | B/A < 1:3 |
D7(3) A1469 M3 VII 2018/257 | air-hardening calcium-rich lime homogeneous micritic texture | sub-rounded quartz clay minerals pyroxene uncalcined lumps charcoal fragments | irregular shape no orientation secondary calcite | B/A < 1:3 Four layers |
D6(12) A1489 13a VII 2018/108 | air-hardening calcium-rich lime homogeneous micritic texture | sub-rounded quartz calcite clinopyroxene clay minerals uncalcined lumps | irregular shape no orientation secondary calcite | B/A < 1:3 The external part is less rich in aggregate than the internal one |
Sample | Qtz | Cal | Pl | Ill-Mnt | Dol | Cpx | Sp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A900 M2 VII 2007/102 | tr | ++++ | ++ | tr | |||
A950 M1 VII 2017/1 | ++ | ++++ | tr | ++ | tr | ||
D7(3) A1469 M3 VII 2018/257 | ++ | ++++ | + | + | |||
D6(12) A1489 13a VII 2018/108 | + | ++++ | ++ | tr | |||
A900 RM3 VII 2011/1135 | ++++ | + |
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Mignardi, S.; De Vito, C.; Botticelli, M.; Favero, G.; Balossi Restelli, F.; Marinacci, L.; Alkhasoneh, S.; Medeghini, L. Lime Production in the Late Chalcolithic Period: The Case of Arslantepe (Eastern Anatolia). Heritage 2021, 4, 91-104. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4010005
Mignardi S, De Vito C, Botticelli M, Favero G, Balossi Restelli F, Marinacci L, Alkhasoneh S, Medeghini L. Lime Production in the Late Chalcolithic Period: The Case of Arslantepe (Eastern Anatolia). Heritage. 2021; 4(1):91-104. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleMignardi, Silvano, Caterina De Vito, Michela Botticelli, Gabriele Favero, Francesca Balossi Restelli, Luca Marinacci, Samah Alkhasoneh, and Laura Medeghini. 2021. "Lime Production in the Late Chalcolithic Period: The Case of Arslantepe (Eastern Anatolia)" Heritage 4, no. 1: 91-104. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4010005
APA StyleMignardi, S., De Vito, C., Botticelli, M., Favero, G., Balossi Restelli, F., Marinacci, L., Alkhasoneh, S., & Medeghini, L. (2021). Lime Production in the Late Chalcolithic Period: The Case of Arslantepe (Eastern Anatolia). Heritage, 4(1), 91-104. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4010005