CO2-Selective Capture from Light Hydrocarbon Mixtures by Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. CO2-Selective Capture from CO2/CH4 Mixture
3. CO2-Selective Capture from CO2/C2H2 Mixture
4. CO2-Selective Capture from Other Binary Light Hydrocarbon Mixtures
5. CO2-Selective Capture from Multicomponent Light Hydrocarbon Mixtures
6. Outlook
- (1)
- Elimination of the trade-off between CO2 uptake capacity and selectivity. This problem is more evident in CO2 capture from CO2/C2H2 mixtures, as they are extremely close in nature. To develop optimal MOFs combining high CO2 selectivity and high capacity, in the future, researchers should focus on (a) designing flexible MOFs that can transform structures to accommodate target gas to substantially improve selectivity; (b) hyperfine control of pore size, shape and environment through reticular chemistry or crystal engineering strategies; and (c) developing MOF composites or grading combination strategies to compensate for the shortcomings of individual pristine MOFs.
- (2)
- CO2-selective capture at trace concentrations. The CO2/hydrocarbon ratios used for experiments in most studies are 1/1, 1/2 or 1/9, whereas the initial concentration of CO2 in real hydrocarbon mixtures is typically much lower (<5%). It is extremely challenging to maintain superior selective adsorption for CO2 at such low concentrations. In this regard, flexible MOFs with gate-opening effects for CO2 at low pressure are highly promising.
- (3)
- CO2 selective adsorption from multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures. Porous materials capable of recognizing CO2 in more complex systems with high selectivity and specificity are extremely challenging but sought-after for material design. A grading combination of multiple MOFs or integration of pores with multiple properties into one MOF platform may be effective approaches.
- (4)
- Combination of desirable separation performance with broader performance for practical applications, such as high thermal/water/mechanical stability and low regeneration energy. Compared to conventional porous materials, MOF materials have more suitable ultra-microporous-level channels for CO2 molecules, high designability and the potential to capture CO2 from more complex systems. However, many MOFs are not as stable as porous carbon materials in terms of moisture stability and thermal stability. The introduction of open metal sites should be avoided, owing to their typically high activation temperature, regeneration energy consumption and poor water stability. An increasing number of researchers are employing strategies such as the construction of robust coordination geometries to build stable MOF materials.
- (5)
- Further reduction in economic and energy costs (from precursors, solvents, synthesis temperatures, activation conditions, etc.). Unaffordable raw materials and severe synthesis or activation conditions have become one of the most challenging issues in scaling MOFs up for practical applications.
- (6)
- Large-scale synthesis and industrialization. Taking technology from the laboratory to industrialization is always a challenge. A good adsorbent material should be synthesized on a large scale with high purity; however, this is rarely achieved in MOF studies. Making use of non-toxic metal ions, low-cost sustainable organic linkers and solvent-recoverable or solvent-free reactions may be beneficial in industrialization.
- (7)
- Introducing the design strategy of MOFs into other porous materials and other gas separation applications. For instance, in reticular chemistry, COFs and HOFs feature organic frameworks similar to that of MOFs and can therefore be developed by introducing design strategies for MOFs. On the other hand, air is a complex gas mixture with a CO2 concentration of only 0.04%. If MOFs for CO2 capture from light hydrocarbons can be extended to direct CO2 capture from air, considerable ecological and economic benefits can be realized.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | CO2 | CH4 | C2H2 | C2H4 | C2H6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kinetic diameter (Å) | 3.30 | 3.76 | 3.30 | 4.16 | 4.44 |
Boiling point (K) | 194.7 | 111.6 | 189.3 | 169.4 | 184.5 |
Polarizability (×10−25 cm3) | 29.11 | 26.0 | 33.3–39.3 | 42.52 | 44.3–44.7 |
Quadrupole moment (×1026 esu cm2) | −4.30 | 0 | 7.50 | 1.5 | 0.65 |
MOF | Functional Site | CO2 Capacity (mmol/g) | CO2/CH4 Selectivity | Qst for CO2 (kJ/mol) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOF-508b | quadrupole interactions | 1.78 a | 3–6 a | 14.9 | [33,34] |
ZIF-78 | Dipole–quadrupole interactions | 2.32 | 10.6 b | —— | [35] |
Mg-MOF-74 | open metal sites | 8.61 | 8 | 73 | [36] |
MAF-66 | uncoordinated N atoms | 4.41 | 5.8 | 26 | [37] |
SIFSIX-1-Cu | SiF62− | 5.2 | 10.5 | 27 | [38] |
SIFSIX-2-Cu-i | SiF62− | 5.4 | 33 | 31.9 | [39] |
SIFSIX-3-Zn | SiF62− | 2.54 | 231 | 45 | [39] |
SYSU | narrow channels | 3.11 | 4.7 | 28.2 | [40] |
NJU-Bai7 | narrow channels | 2.91 | 14.1 c | 40.5 | [40] |
NJU-Bai8 | uncoordinated N atoms | 2.57 | 40.8 c | 37.7 | [40] |
PEI-incorporated amine-MIL-101(Cr) | amine groups | 3.6 | 931 | —— | [41] |
Qc-5-Cu-sql-β | molecular sieving | 2.16 d | 3300 | 36 | [42] |
SIFSIX-14-Cu-i | molecular sieving | 4.71 | 46.7 e | 37.7 | [43] |
NJU-Bai35 | molecular sieving | 3.125 | 11.6 | 33.37 | [44] |
dptz-CuTiF6 | TiF62− | 4.52 | —— | 33.3 | [28] |
dptz-CuSiF6 | SiF62− | 4.04 | —— | 38.2 | [28] |
TIFSIX-3-Ni | TiF62− | 2.213 | 158 | 50.0 | [45] |
NbOFFIVE-1-Ni | NbOF52− | 2.308 | 366 | 54.0 | [45] |
TIFSIX-2-Cu-i | TiF62− | 4.229 | 16 | 35.8 | [45] |
ZU-66 | molecular sieving | 4.56 | 136 | 35 | [46] |
IRH-3 | uncoordinated N atoms | 2.7 | 27 | —— | [47] |
In(aip)2 | molecular sieving and –NH2 groups | 1.27 | 1808 | 34.3 | [48] |
UTSA-280 | molecular sieving | 3.00 | molecular sieving | 42.9 | [49] |
UiO-66(N10%-Zr) | uncoordinated N atoms and kinetic effect | 2.1 | 326 | 35.7 | [50] |
MUF-16 | N-H···O and C-H··O | 2.13 d | 6690 d | 32.3 | [51] |
MUF-16 (Mn) | N-H···O and C-H··O | 2.25 d | 470 d | 36.6 | [51] |
MUF-16 (Ni) | N-H···O and C-H··O | 2.13 d | 1220 d | 37.3 | [51] |
Cu-F-pymo | molecular sieving | 1.61 f | >107 | 29.1 | [52] |
[Cu3(μ3-OH)(PCA)3] | open metal sites | 2.93 | 15.9 | 31.5 | [53] |
[Zn(odip)0.5(bpe)0.5] | gate opening | 5.3 | 376.0 | 42.3 | [54] |
MOF | Functional Site | CO2 Capacity (mmol/g) | CO2/C2H2 Selectivity | Qst for CO2 (kJ/mol) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co(HLdc) | gate opening | 10.69 a | 1.7 a,b | —— | [69] |
[Mn(bdc)(dpe)] | gate opening | 2.17 c | 8.8 c | 29.5 | [70] |
SIFSIX-3-Ni | SiF62− | 2.7 | 7.69 d | 50.9 | [71] |
CD-MOF-1 | uncoordinated primary hydroxyl groups | 2.87 | 6.6 d | 41.0 | [72] |
CD-MOF-2 | uncoordinated primary hydroxyl groups | 2.65 | 16 d | 67.2 | [72] |
[Tm2(OH-bdc)] (1a) | OH groups | 5.83 | 17.5 d | 45.2 | [73] |
[Tm2(OH-bdc)] (1a′) | OH groups | 6.21 | 1.65 d | 32.7 | [73] |
PCP-NH2-bdc | amino group | 3.03 | 4.4 | 34.57 | [74] |
PCP-NH2-ipa | amino group | 3.21 | 6.4 | 36.6 | [74] |
Cd-NP | electrostatic potential | 2.59 | 85 | 27.7 | [75] |
CeIV-MIL-140-4F | electrostatic potential | 2.24 | 9.5 | 39.5 | [76] |
Cu-F-pymo | electrostatic potential | 1.19 | 105 | 28.8 | [77] |
[Zn(atz)(BDC-Cl4)0.5]n | electrostatic potential | 0.94 f,g | 2.4 f | 32.7 | [78] |
PMOF-1(irra) | electrostatic potential | 2.38 c | 694 c | —— | [79] |
MUF-16 | electrostatic potential | 2.13 e | 510 e | 32.3 | [51] |
MUF-16(Mn) | electrostatic potential | 2.25 e | 31 e | 36.6 | [51] |
MUF-16(Ni) | electrostatic potential | 2.13 e | 46 e | 37.3 | [51] |
en-MOF | amine groups | 4.8 | —— | 71.2 | [80] |
nmen-MOF | amine groups | 4.55 | —— | 62.3 | [80] |
een-MOF | amine groups | 4.9 | —— | 68.8 | [80] |
ZU-610a | kinetic sieving | 1.51 | 207 | 27.3 | [81] |
SU-101(Bi) | carbonyl oxygen atoms | 2.4 | 5.5 | 30.5 | [82] |
SU-101(Al) | carbonyl oxygen atoms | 2.37 | 15.5 | 31.3 | [82] |
SU-101(In) | carbonyl oxygen atoms | 2.46 | 6.2 | 28.3 | [82] |
SU-101(Ga) | carbonyl oxygen atoms | 1.79 | 11.1 | 27.7 | [82] |
[Zn(odip)0.5(bpe)0.5] | Gate Opening | 5.3 | 13.2 | 42.3 | [54] |
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Huang, H.; Wang, L.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, H.; Gu, Y. CO2-Selective Capture from Light Hydrocarbon Mixtures by Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Review. Clean Technol. 2023, 5, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol5010001
Huang H, Wang L, Zhang X, Zhao H, Gu Y. CO2-Selective Capture from Light Hydrocarbon Mixtures by Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Review. Clean Technologies. 2023; 5(1):1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol5010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Hengcong, Luyao Wang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Hongshuo Zhao, and Yifan Gu. 2023. "CO2-Selective Capture from Light Hydrocarbon Mixtures by Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Review" Clean Technologies 5, no. 1: 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol5010001