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Article

Numerical Study on Fire Suppression by Water Mist in Aircraft Cargo Compartments: Effects of Spray Pattern, Droplet Size, and Nozzle Layout

by
Pei Zhu
1,*,
Ziheng Xu
1,
Jiangao Zhang
1,
Quan Shao
1,
Weiwang Chen
2 and
Hongzhou Ai
3
1
College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
2
Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Thermal Disaster Prevention and Emergency, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
3
Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fire 2024, 7(12), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7120481
Submission received: 11 November 2024 / Revised: 8 December 2024 / Accepted: 11 December 2024 / Published: 17 December 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Combustion and Flames)
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Abstract

Aircraft cargo compartment fires are one of the main threats to the safety of civil aircraft. In this study, a series of numerical simulations on the fire suppression performance of water mist in cargo compartments was carried out to examine the effects of the spray pattern, droplet size, and nozzle layout. The fire dynamics simulator (FDS) code was used to construct a fire suppression scenario in a full-scale aircraft cargo compartment. The results show that the extinguishment time of a corner fire was longer compared with center and sidewall fires due to the relatively larger distance from the nozzle and, therefore, a lower effective number of droplets reaching the flame area. Solid and hollow spray patterns showed significant differences in the spray coverage area. For a fixed flow rate, the hollow spray showed better fire suppression performance than solid spray. When the droplet size varied from 50 to 400 µm, the fire extinguishment time first increased and then decreased, corresponding to the dominant mechanism of the smothering effect of small droplets and the cooling effect of large droplets. In addition, the nozzle layout affected the water coverage on the ground of the cargo compartment. With an increase in nozzle number, the water mist flux was more evenly distributed and the fire extinguishment effect also increased.
Keywords: aircraft cargo compartment; fire suppression; CFD modeling; water mist; spray pattern; nozzle layout aircraft cargo compartment; fire suppression; CFD modeling; water mist; spray pattern; nozzle layout

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhu, P.; Xu, Z.; Zhang, J.; Shao, Q.; Chen, W.; Ai, H. Numerical Study on Fire Suppression by Water Mist in Aircraft Cargo Compartments: Effects of Spray Pattern, Droplet Size, and Nozzle Layout. Fire 2024, 7, 481. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7120481

AMA Style

Zhu P, Xu Z, Zhang J, Shao Q, Chen W, Ai H. Numerical Study on Fire Suppression by Water Mist in Aircraft Cargo Compartments: Effects of Spray Pattern, Droplet Size, and Nozzle Layout. Fire. 2024; 7(12):481. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7120481

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhu, Pei, Ziheng Xu, Jiangao Zhang, Quan Shao, Weiwang Chen, and Hongzhou Ai. 2024. "Numerical Study on Fire Suppression by Water Mist in Aircraft Cargo Compartments: Effects of Spray Pattern, Droplet Size, and Nozzle Layout" Fire 7, no. 12: 481. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7120481

APA Style

Zhu, P., Xu, Z., Zhang, J., Shao, Q., Chen, W., & Ai, H. (2024). Numerical Study on Fire Suppression by Water Mist in Aircraft Cargo Compartments: Effects of Spray Pattern, Droplet Size, and Nozzle Layout. Fire, 7(12), 481. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7120481

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