Practical Rubber Pre-Treatment Approch for Concrete Use—An Experimental Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- out of the various methods that provide the least amount of preparations for the rubber treatment, the solvent treatment method using acetone provided the highest improvement in the compressive strength
- among the other rubber treatment methods that come with high treatment complexity, partial oxidation of the rubber particles at 250 °C provided the highest improvement in the compressive strength of the rubber concrete.
2. Experimental Programme
2.1. Materials and Methods
2.2. Water Absorption/Adsorption by Crumb Rubber
2.3. SEM-EDS of Crumb Rubber
2.4. Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Sulphur (CHNS) Analysis of Crumb Rubber
2.5. XRD of Raw Material
- XRD equipment: Bruker AXS-D4-Endeavour
- XRD detector: Lynxeye linear-strip detector
- X-ray source: Cu-Kα radiation
- Operating current and voltage: 40 mA current and 40 kV voltage
- Testing range: 5° to 70° 2-theta
- Step size: 0.01° 2-theta
2.6. XRD of Hardened Cement Paste of GBC and Mix M4
2.7. SEM-EDS of Mortar Samples
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
- (C1)
- Partial replacement of sand by untreated crumb rubber brings about 33.8 and 23.1% reductions in the 7 and 28-day compressive strength results of the crumb rubber concrete, respectively; in comparison to the control mix. The significant reduction in 7- and 28-day strength results of rubber concrete are attributed to the soft nature of the rubber particles and poor bond performance, as evident from a large gap in the interfacial transition zone between the cement paste and the rubber particles. This significant reduction in the compressive strength of rubber concrete is the key issue hindering its application in the construction industry.
- (C2)
- Soaking of crumb rubber for 2 h absorbs/adsorbs ~80% of water compared to 24-h soaked crumb rubber.
- (C3)
- The air adsorbed by the rubber particles and in the pore structure is displaced by the water molecules when soaking in water, which not only helps improve the interfacial transition zone between the rubber particles and the cement paste but also increases the degree of hydration of the cement particles available in close proximity to the rubber particles.
- (C4)
- The soaking of crumb rubber in tap water for 2 h provides much better performance for both the strength and bond properties of the rubber mortar compared to 24 h soaking. It not only improves the interfacial transition zone between the rubber particles and the cement paste, but also shows an increase in 28-day compressive strength in comparison to 24-h soaked crumb rubber mortar.
- (C5)
- A further improvement in the 7-day strength was achieved with rubber soaked in 5% sodium sulphate solution for 2 h. However, no noticeable improvement in the 28-day compressive strength was observed.
- (C6)
- A significant reduction in soaking time, with the improved performance in strength properties can help in expediting the material handling and construction process of rubber concrete, providing a more practical and economical rubber pre-treatment method for the fast-paced construction industry.
- (R1)
- A recommendation for a future study is to examine reducing the soaking period of crumb rubber by forced submergence and investigate the bond and compressive strength properties.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | SiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO | MgO | Fe2O3 | SO3 | Na2O | K2O | LOI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GBC | 26.4% | 8.7% | 53.4% | 3.8% | 1.9% | 2.4% | 0.24% | 0.35% | 1.9% |
Material | Clinker | Slag | CaSO4 | Limestone |
---|---|---|---|---|
GBC | 44% | 50% | 4% | 2% |
Mix | Method of Crumb Rubber Treatment | GBC (grams) | Sand (grams) | Rubber Content (by Volume of Sand) | Rubber (grams) | Water (mL) | SP (mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Control (No rubber) | 1000 | 2750 | 0% | 0 | 350 | 8 |
M1 | Raw crumb rubber | 1000 | 2200 | 20% | 204 | 350 | 10 |
M2 | Crumb rubber soaked in water for 2 h | 1000 | 2200 | 20% | 204 | 350 | 8 |
M3 | Crumb rubber soaked in water for 24 h | 1000 | 2200 | 20% | 204 | 350 | 8 |
M4 | Crumb rubber soaked in 5% sodium Sulphate solution for 2 h | 1000 | 2200 | 20% | 204 | 350 | 8 |
Material | Percentage of Water Absorption | |
---|---|---|
2 h Water Soaking | 24 h Water Soaking | |
Crumb Rubber | 4.00% | 4.95% |
Carbon (C) | Hydrogen (H) | Nitrogen (N) | Sulphur (S) |
---|---|---|---|
83.34 % ± 0.32 | 4.37 % ± 1.94 | 0.53 % ± 0.01 | 2.09 % ± 0.16 |
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Roychand, R.; Gravina, R.J.; Zhuge, Y.; Ma, X.; Mills, J.E.; Youssf, O. Practical Rubber Pre-Treatment Approch for Concrete Use—An Experimental Study. J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5, 143. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5060143
Roychand R, Gravina RJ, Zhuge Y, Ma X, Mills JE, Youssf O. Practical Rubber Pre-Treatment Approch for Concrete Use—An Experimental Study. Journal of Composites Science. 2021; 5(6):143. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5060143
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoychand, Rajeev, Rebecca J. Gravina, Yan Zhuge, Xing Ma, Julie E. Mills, and Osama Youssf. 2021. "Practical Rubber Pre-Treatment Approch for Concrete Use—An Experimental Study" Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 6: 143. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5060143