Development of a Pultrusion Die for the Production of Thermoplastic Composite Filaments to Be Used in Additive Manufacture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. State of the Art
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials Used
3.2. Experimental Process
3.3. Development of the Die
4. Numerical Simulation
Abaqus Simulation
5. Results
5.1. Experimental Plan Using the Taguchi Method
- Preconditioning was performed according to ASTM D792. 15 samples weighting around 1 g were conditioned for approximately 48 h at 23 °C with 50% Relative humidity.
- With the samples ready, the ASTM D 3171 procedure was ready to be performed. The samples were placed in a muffle, being incinerated at 425 °C for 6 h ensuring that the carbon fiber is not degraded.
- Using the density of the CF and PP and their respective masses, it is possible to determine the percentages present in the initial sample. For simplicity in the analysis, the values obtained by these procedures will be averaged and the conclusions will use these values as reference.
5.2. Experimental Results and Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
3D | Three Dimension |
AM | Additive Manufacture |
CF | Carbon Fiber |
PID | Proportional Integral Derivative |
PLA | Polyactic Acid |
PP | Polypropylene |
Fiber Volume Fraction |
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Material | Thermal Conductivity (k) | Density () Number | Heat Capacity () | Melt Temperature () |
---|---|---|---|---|
W/mK | Kg/m | J/kgK | °C | |
Polypropylene | 0.2 | 900 | 1950 | 170 |
Carbon Fiber | 119–165 | 1770 | 1100 | - |
Sample Number | CF (Roving) | PP (Roving) | Heating Temperature (°C) | Pulling Speed (mm/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 6 | 220 | 6.9 |
2 | 2 | 9 | 240 | 13.7 |
3 | 3 | 6 | 220 | 13.7 |
4 | 3 | 6 | 260 | 6.9 |
5 | 3 | 6 | 260 | 13.7 |
Sample Number | CF (Roving) | PP (Roving) | Heating Temperature (°C) | Pulling Speed (mm/s) | Cross Section Area (mm) | Aprox. Diameter (mm) | Average (%) | Standard Deviation (%) | Average (%) | Standard Deviation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 6 | 220 | 6.9 | 2.36 | 1.73 | 38.55 | 0.90 | 4.85 | 2.47 |
2 | 2 | 9 | 240 | 13.7 | 2.49 | 1.78 | 39.8 | 0.73 | 3.43 | 1.31 |
3 | 3 | 6 | 220 | 13.7 | 3.55 | 2.12 | 48.06 | 0.93 | 8.47 | 0.73 |
4 | 3 | 6 | 260 | 6.9 | 3.15 | 2.01 | 47.27 | 0.06 | 9.79 | 0.22 |
5 | 3 | 6 | 260 | 13.7 | 3.32 | 2.06 | 45 | 0.69 | 8.29 | 0.97 |
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Ferreira, F.; Fernandes, P.; Correia, N.; Marques, A.T. Development of a Pultrusion Die for the Production of Thermoplastic Composite Filaments to Be Used in Additive Manufacture. J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5, 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5050120
Ferreira F, Fernandes P, Correia N, Marques AT. Development of a Pultrusion Die for the Production of Thermoplastic Composite Filaments to Be Used in Additive Manufacture. Journal of Composites Science. 2021; 5(5):120. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5050120
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerreira, Filipe, Pedro Fernandes, Nuno Correia, and António Torres Marques. 2021. "Development of a Pultrusion Die for the Production of Thermoplastic Composite Filaments to Be Used in Additive Manufacture" Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 5: 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5050120