In Situ VTOL Drone-Borne Observations of Temperature and Relative Humidity over Dome C, Antarctica
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Instruments and Models
2.1. Drone
2.2. Vaisala PTU Sondes
2.3. HAMSTRAD
2.4. Numerical Weather Prediction Models
2.4.1. ARPEGE
2.4.2. AROME
2.5. LIDAR
3. Methodology
4. Results
4.1. Scientific Flight D08 on 2 January 2023
4.2. Scientific Flight D11 on 10 January 2023
4.3. Scientific Flight D12 on 11 January 2023
4.4. Scientific Flight D13 on 13 January 2023
5. Discussion
5.1. Drone Operation
5.2. Drone Instrumentation
5.3. Drone vs. Balloon Profiles
5.4. HAMSTRAD
5.5. ARPEGE and AROME Models
5.6. Clear Sky Conditions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dimensions | |
---|---|
Wingspan | 235 cm |
Length | 90 cm |
Height | 17 cm |
Weight and Payload | |
Empty weight | 3.3 kg |
Empty weight including battery | 5 kg |
Maximum takeoff weight | 6.2 kg |
Payload capacity | 1.2 kg |
Flight Characteristics at max payload | |
Cruise speed | 16 m/s (60 km/h) |
Maximum speed | 25 m/s (90 km/h) |
Maximum flight time | 1 h 50 min |
Range through air | 100 km |
Power | |
Battery type | LiPo |
Battery capacity | 23 Ah |
Tolerances | |
Maximum takeoff/landing wind | 9 m/s (33 km/h) |
Maximum wind cruise flight | 14 m/s (50 km/h) |
Operating temperature | Between −20 and +45 Celsius |
Maximum flight altitude amsl | 13,000 ft (4000 m) |
Flight # | Date YYMMDD | Time HH:MM UTC | S/T Flight | Rating | Max Height m | Duration Minutes | Distance km | Surface Wind m s−1 | Surface T ° Celsius |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D03 | 221224 | 03:00 | T | G | 60 | 4 | 3 | 2 | −30 |
D04 | 221227 | 07:00 | T | U-TO | 200 | 7 | 6.2 | 5 | −30 |
D05 | 221228 | 06:30 | T | C-TO | 5 | −30 | |||
D06 | 221228 | 07:00 | T | U-TO | 200 | 12 | 8 | 3 | −25 |
D07 | 230102 | 06:30 | T | G | 200 | 12 | 8 | 2 | −25 |
D08 | 230102 | 10:00 | S | G | 400 | 16 | 15 | 2 | −25 |
D09 | 230103 | 10:00 | S | C-TO | 2 | −25 | |||
D10 | 230109 | 06:00 | T | G | 200 | 14 | 9 | 3 | −25 |
D11 | 230110 | 06:00 | S | G | 400 | 25 | 21.5 | 6 | −25 |
D12 | 230111 | 06:30 | S | G/C-La | 500 | 31 | 25 | 3 | −25 |
D13 | 230113 | 07:30 | S | G | 600 | 30 | 26.5 | 3 | −25 |
D14 | 230116 | 09:30 | S | C-TO | 5 | −25 | |||
D15 | 230117 | 07:00 | S | C-Fly | 5 | −30 |
Speed/m s−1 | D08 2 January | D11 10 January | D12 11 January | D13 13 January |
---|---|---|---|---|
Max Speed Horizontal | 27 | 33 | 28 | 28 |
Max Speed Up | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
Max Speed Down | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 |
Ground Speed | 25 | 32 | 28 | 27 |
Height Rate | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Average Speed FW | 23 | 20 | 21 | 20 |
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Ricaud, P.; Medina, P.; Durand, P.; Attié, J.-L.; Bazile, E.; Grigioni, P.; Guasta, M.D.; Pauly, B. In Situ VTOL Drone-Borne Observations of Temperature and Relative Humidity over Dome C, Antarctica. Drones 2023, 7, 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones7080532
Ricaud P, Medina P, Durand P, Attié J-L, Bazile E, Grigioni P, Guasta MD, Pauly B. In Situ VTOL Drone-Borne Observations of Temperature and Relative Humidity over Dome C, Antarctica. Drones. 2023; 7(8):532. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones7080532
Chicago/Turabian StyleRicaud, Philippe, Patrice Medina, Pierre Durand, Jean-Luc Attié, Eric Bazile, Paolo Grigioni, Massimo Del Guasta, and Benji Pauly. 2023. "In Situ VTOL Drone-Borne Observations of Temperature and Relative Humidity over Dome C, Antarctica" Drones 7, no. 8: 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones7080532