Feral Horses and Bison at Theodore Roosevelt National Park (North Dakota, United States) Exhibit Shifts in Behaviors during Drone Flights
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Future Work
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Estimate | Standard Error | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Feeding | |||
Pre | −5.46 | 0.41 | <0.001 |
During | −1.65 | 0.06 | <0.001 |
Post | −2.00 | 0.09 | <0.001 |
Resting | |||
Pre | 1.68 | 0.07 | <0.001 |
During | −2.03 | 0.07 | <0.001 |
Post | −0.99 | 0.06 | <0.001 |
Vigilance | |||
Pre | −1.82 | 0.07 | <0.001 |
During | 0.34 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
Post | −0.11 | 0.06 | 0.065 |
Traveling | |||
Pre | −4.85 | 0.30 | <0.001 |
During | −1.85 | 0.06 | <0.001 |
Post | −1.83 | 0.08 | <0.001 |
Grooming | |||
Pre | −5.17 | 0.35 | <0.001 |
During | −5.69 | 0.40 | <0.001 |
Post | −6.25 | 0.70 | <0.001 |
Behavior | Estimate | Standard Error | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Feeding | |||
Pre | −0.51 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
During | 0.27 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
Post | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.786 |
Resting | |||
Pre | 0.26 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
During | −0.63 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
Post | −0.28 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
Traveling | |||
Pre | −3.06 | 0.11 | <0.001 |
During | −2.46 | 0.07 | <0.001 |
Post | −2.73 | 0.10 | <0.001 |
Grooming | |||
Pre | −4.19 | 0.20 | <0.001 |
During | −5.06 | 0.22 | <0.001 |
Post | −19.66 | 458.93 | 0.966 |
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Behavior | Description |
---|---|
Horse | |
Feeding | Active foraging with minimum travel |
Resting | Head hanging, not attentive standing, absence of other behaviors |
Vigilance | Head above, wither shoulders, and ears forward |
Traveling | Walking and incidental grazing |
Grooming | Licking and scratching |
Bison | |
Feeding | Active foraging |
Resting | Standing or laying, head slung |
Traveling | Active moving without foraging, walking, or running |
Grooming | Rubbing, scratching with hoof |
Wallowing | Rolling, dusting, grooming unless urinating and rolling in it |
Agonistic | Pawing, wallowing with urination, rolling. Usually these behaviors occur in sequence in the presence of two or more males and are more common at the beginning of the breeding season |
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Lenzi, J.; Felege, C.J.; Newman, R.; McCann, B.; Ellis-Felege, S.N. Feral Horses and Bison at Theodore Roosevelt National Park (North Dakota, United States) Exhibit Shifts in Behaviors during Drone Flights. Drones 2022, 6, 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6060136
Lenzi J, Felege CJ, Newman R, McCann B, Ellis-Felege SN. Feral Horses and Bison at Theodore Roosevelt National Park (North Dakota, United States) Exhibit Shifts in Behaviors during Drone Flights. Drones. 2022; 6(6):136. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6060136
Chicago/Turabian StyleLenzi, Javier, Christopher J. Felege, Robert Newman, Blake McCann, and Susan N. Ellis-Felege. 2022. "Feral Horses and Bison at Theodore Roosevelt National Park (North Dakota, United States) Exhibit Shifts in Behaviors during Drone Flights" Drones 6, no. 6: 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6060136