Abstract
In this study, we apply a recently developed idea of up and down fuzzy-ordered relations between two fuzzy numbers. Here, we consider fuzzy Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals to establish the Hermite–Hadamard-, Fejér-, and Pachpatte-type inequalities. We estimate fuzzy fractional inequalities for a newly introduced class of ℏ-preinvexity over fuzzy-number valued settings. For the first time, such inequalities involving up and down fuzzy-ordered functions are proven using the fuzzy fractional operator. The stated inequalities are supported by a few numerical examples that will be helpful to validate our main results.
Keywords:
up and down ℏ-pre-invex fuzzy-interval-valued function; fuzzy Riemann–Liouville fractional integral; Hermite–Hadamard-type inequality; Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér-type inequality Mathematics Subject Classification:
26A33; 26A51; 26D10
1. Introduction
In the subject of inequality theory, researchers have established hundreds of inequality types, which have various applications in mathematical analysis and applied mathematics. Two inequalities that stand out among these types of inequalities in terms of their aesthetic forms, applications, and functioning will be introduced first. A specific function class with applications in statistics, convex programming, numerical analysis, and many other domains are one of the fundamental ideas employed in much of the research on the subject of inequalities. This article provides information on the Hermite–Hadamard inequality, which is produced by employing convex functions and has a very complex structure with inequalities.
In the classical approach, a real-valued mapping is called convex if
for all where is a convex set.
The 𝐻𝐻-inequality [1,2] for convex mapping on an interval is
for all
Fejér considered the major generalizations of the 𝐻𝐻-inequality, which is known as the 𝐻𝐻–Fejér inequality. The following is a presentation of the Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér inequality, which has been proven using a weight function and is the generic form of the inequality (2) (see [3]).
Let be a convex mapping on a convex set and with . Then,
If , then we obtain (2) from (3). With the support of inequality, a large number of inequalities can be found using the particular symmetric mapping for convex mappings (3). By taking into account various convex function types, various derivative and integral operators, new techniques, and other spaces, researchers working on these two well-known inequalities have generated generalizations, extensions, improvements, and iterations, see [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13].
The Hermite–Hadamard inequality has been proposed for operator convex and generalized convex functions (see, for example, [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]). The Hermite–Hadamard inequalities for the products of two operator preinvex functions were created by Barani [29] in 2015. The Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities for the operator h-preinvex functions were established by Wang and Sun [28] in 2017. The Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities for the operator (p, h)-convex functions were proposed in 2022 by Omrani et al. [30]. Research has expanded because of the variety and uses of Hermite–Hadamard inequalities (see, for example, [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45]).
A fundamental idea in applied sciences and mathematics is fractional calculus. Fractional calculus is actively used by researchers to address a wide range of real-world problems. In the modern era, fractional analysis and inequality theory have coevolved. Over the years, much attention has been paid to various fractional versions of inequalities of the Hermite–Hadamard, Fejer, Ostrowski, and Pachpatte types, [46,47]. In addition to the aforementioned inequalities, several researchers have employed the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral operators to examine the Ostrowski inequality (see [48]), Simpson-type inequality (see [49]), and Hermite–Hadamard–Mercer inequalities (see [50]). The Hermite–Hadamard inequality and its Fejér analog were investigated by Katugampola et al. using fractional integral operators of the Katugampola type (see [51]). In order to illustrate alternate versions of the Hermite–Hadamard inequality, Fernandez and Mohammed (see [52]) used Atangana–Baleanu fractional operators, and Noor et al. (see [53]) demonstrated Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities. The Caputo–Fabrizio fractional integrals were also used to study the Hermite–Hadamard inequality (see [54,55]). Butt et al. introduced new iterations of fractal-based Jensen- and Jensen–Mercer-type inequalities (see [56]). For log-preinvex [57] and harmonically convex functions [58], new fractional forms of Hermite–Hadamard–Mercer- and Pachpatte–Mercer-type inclusions have been created. Hermite–Hadamard inequalities have been further generalized for convex interval-valued functions [59] and convex fuzzy interval-valued functions [60]. For more information, see [61,62,63,64,65,66,67].
Each described notion and its definitions, despite initially seeming to be comparable, are wholly different. In the context of interval-valued analysis, numerous academics have coupled a variety of convex functions with integral inequalities, leading to a number of notable findings. Román-Flores established Minkowski-type inequalities (see [68]), Chalco-Cano researched Ostrowski-type inequalities (see [69]), and Opial investigated Opial-type inequalities (see [70]). Zhao et al. (see [71]) also established a refinement of the Hermite–Hadamard inequality and suggested the interval-valued h-convex function. Zhang et al. (see [72]) and Costa et al. (see [73]) presented left–right interval-valued and fuzzy interval-valued functions, respectively, to demonstrate Jensen’s inequalities. Recently, Khan et al. introduced the novel versions of inequalities that are known as fuzzy fractional Hermite–Hadamard, Fejér-, and Pachpatte-type inequalities for -convex via fuzzy left and right Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals. Many more inequalities have been introduced related to real-valued, interval-valued, and fuzzy-number valued mappings, (see [74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82]).
The article is structured as follows: We cover the necessary prerequisites and relevant details for the accompanying integral inequalities and interval-valued analysis in Section 1. Preinvexity and fuzzy -order functions are concepts that are explained in Section 2. We derive the Hermite–Hadamard and any applicable inequalities for the h-preinvex functions in fuzzy-number valued settings in Section 3. We offer a brief conclusion in Section 4 and go over a number of unanswered research problems that are relevant to the results of this work.
2. Preliminaries
We recall a few definitions that can be found in the literature and will be relevant in the follow-up.
Let us consider that is the space of all closed and bounded intervals of , and that is given by
If , then is degenerate. In the follow-up, all intervals are considered non-degenerate. If , then is positive. We denote by , the set of all positive intervals.
Let and be given by
We consider the Minkowski sum, , product, , and difference, , for , as
Remark 1.
(i) For the given the relation is defined on by
for all is a partial interval inclusion relation.
Moreover, coincides with on The relation is of UD order [72].
(ii) For the given the relation is defined on by if and only if or , is a partial interval order relation. Plus, we have that coincides with on The relation is of left and right (LR) type [72,73].
Given the intervals their Hausdorff–Pompeiu distance is
We have that is a complete metric space [77,79,82].
Definition 1.
[76] A fuzzy subset of is a mapping , denoting membership mapping of . We adopt the symbol to represent the set of all fuzzy subsets of .
Let us consider . If the following properties hold, then is a fuzzy number:
- is normal if there exists and
- is upper semi-continuous on if for a there exist and yielding for all with
- is fuzzy convex, meaning that for all and ;
- is compactly supported, which means that is compact.
The symbol will be adopted to designate the set of all fuzzy numbers of .
Definition 2.
[76,77] For , the -level, or -cut, sets of are for all , and .
Proposition 1.
[78] Let . The relation , defined on by
is an LR order relation.
Proposition 2.
[70] Let . The relation , defined on by
is an UD order relation.
Proof.
The proof relies on the UD relation on . If and , then, for every
result from Equations (5)–(7), respectively. □
Theorem 1.
[77] For , the supremum metric
is a complete metric space, where stands for the Hausdorff metric on a space of intervals.
Theorem 2.
[77,78] If is an I-V∙M satisfying , then is Aumann integrable (IA-integrable) over when and only when and are integrable over , meaning
Definition 3.
[73] Let be a F-N∙V∙M. The family of I-V∙Ms, for every , is satisfying for every For every the lower and upper mappings of are the endpoint real-valued mappings .
Definition 4.
[73] Let be a F-N∙V∙M. Then, is continuous at if for every is continuous when and only when and are continuous at
Definition 5.
[77] Let be a F-N∙V∙M. The fuzzy Aumann integral (-integral) of over is
where for every Moreover, is -integrable over if
Theorem 3.
[78] Let be a F-N∙V∙M, for which the -levels define the family of I-V∙Ms satisfying for every and is -integrable over when and only when and are integrable over . Moreover, if is -integrable over , then we have
for every
Definition 6.
[82] Let and be the collection of all Lebesgue measurable fuzzy-number valued mappings on . Then, the fuzzy left and right RL fractional integrals of order of are
and
respectively, where is the Euler gamma function. The fuzzy left and right RL fractional integrals based on left and right end point mappings are
where
and
The RL fractional integral of based on left and right end point mappings can be defined in a similar way.
Definition 7.
[75] The is named as a convex on if
for all where for all If (25) is reversed, then is named as a concave on . is affine if and only if it is both convex and concave .
Remark 2.
If and , then we obtain the classical convex function.
Definition 8.
[55] The is named as a pre-invex on invex interval if
for all where all for all If (26) is reversed, then is named as a pre-incave on . is affine if and only if it is both pre-invex and pre-incave s.
Definition 9.
[59] Let such that . Then, is said to be --pre-invex on if
for all where If is up and ℏ-pre-incave on , then inequality (27) is reversed.
Remark 3.
[59] If one attempts to take then from --pre-invex one achieves -pre-invex , that is
If one attempts to take then from --pre-invex one achieves --pre-invex , that is
Theorem 4.
[59] Let be an anon-negative real-valued function such that and let be a , for which the -cuts define the family of s and are given by
for all and for all . Then, is --pre-invex on if and only if, for all is a -pre-invex function and is a -pre-incave function.
Example 1.
If we attempt to take for and the defined by
then, for each we have . Since endpoint functions are -pre-invex functions with respect to , for each . Hence, is --pre-invex .
3. Fuzzy Riemann–Liouville Fractional Integral Hermite–Hadamard Type Inequality
In the results that follow, we investigate how fuzzy fractional operators can be used to apply up and down functions to integral inequalities; therefore, let us recap the generalized type inequality for ℏ-pre-invex s first.
Theorem 5.
Let be an -ℏ-pre-invex on whose -cuts define the family of s are given by for all and for all . If ɸ satisfies Condition C and , then
If is pre-incave , then
Proof.
Let be an -ℏ-pre-invex . If Condition C holds then, by hypothesis, we have
Therefore, for every , we have
Multiplying both sides by and integrating the obtained result with respect to over , we have
Let and Then, we have
that is
thus,
In a similar way as above, we have
Combining (33) and (34), we have
that is
the theorem has been proved. □
Remark 4.
If one attempts to take , then from inequality (31) one achieves the result for -ℏ-pre-invex , see [59]:
If one attempt to take , then from inequality (31) one achieves the result for -pre-invex , see [59]:
Let one attempt to take and . Then, from inequality (31) one acquires the result for -pre-invex given in [59]:
If one attempt to take and then from inequality (31) one acquires coming inequality given in [54]:
Let one attempt to take and . Then, from inequality (31) one acquires coming inequality given in [80]:
Example 2.
If we attempt to take , , for all and the defined by
Then, for each we have . Since left and right end point functions , are -pre-invex functions for each , then is --pre-invex with respect to . We clearly see that and
Note that
Therefore
and Theorem 5 is verified.
We get various fuzzy fractional integral inequalities connected to fuzzy-interval fractional H⋅H-inequalities from Theorems 6 and 7 via products of two --pre-invex s.
Theorem 6.
Let be --pre-invex and --pre-invex s on , respectively, whose -cuts are defined by and for all and for all . If satisfies Condition C and , then
where and and
Proof.
Since both are --pre-invex and --pre-invex then, for each we have
and
From the definition of -ℏ-pre-invex s it follows that and , so
Analogously, we have
Adding (41) and (42), we have
Taking multiplication of (43) with and integrating the obtained result with respect to over (0,1), we have
It follows that
It follows that
that is
Thus,
and the theorem has been established. □
Theorem 7.
Let be two --pre-invex and --pre-invex s, respectively, for which the -cuts define the family of s. are given by and for all and for all . If satisfies Condition C and , then
where and and
Proof.
Consider are --pre-invex and --pre-invex s. Then, by hypothesis, for each we have
Taking multiplication of (45) with and integrating over we obtain
It follows that
that is
Hence, the required result. □
In upcoming outcomes, we will obtain new versions of H⋅H-Fejér inequality using a fuzzy Riemann–Liouville fractional integral. A nontrivial example is also given to discuss the validation of the first and second fuzzy fractional H⋅H-Fejér inequalities for --pre-invex .
Theorem 8.
Let be an --pre-invex with , for which the -cuts define the family of s. are given by for all and for all . If and symmetric with respect to then
If is pre-incave , then inequality (46) is reversed.
Proof.
Let be an -ℏ-pre-invex and . Then, for each we have
and
After adding (47) and (48), and integrating over we obtain
Taking right hand side of inequality (49), we have
From (50), we have
that is
hence
□
Theorem 9.
Let be an -ℏ-pre-invex with whose -cuts define the family of s. are given by for all and for all . Let and symmetric with respect to . If satisfies Condition C, then
If is pre-incave , then inequality (51) is reversed.
Proof.
Since is an -ℏ-pre-invex , then for we have
Since then by multiplying (52) by and integrating it with respect to over we obtain
Let . Then, for the right hand side of inequality (54), we have
Then, from (54), (53) we have
from which, we have
it follows that
that is
This completes the proof. □
Remark 5.
If one attempts to take , then from (46) and (51) one achieves Theorem 5.
If one attempts to take , then from (46) and (51) one achieves the following inequality.
Let one attempt to take and . Then, from (46) and (51) one achieves coming inequality for -pre-invex , see [59].
Let one attempt to take and . Then, from (46) and (51) one achieves the following inequality for -pre-invex given in [59]:
If one attempts to take and and , then from (46) and (51) one achieves the following inequality given in [81]:
If one attempts to take and and , then from (46) and (51) one achieves the classical -Fejér inequality.
If one attempts to take and and , then from (46) and (51) one achieves the classical -inequality.
Example 3.
If we attempt to take defined by,
Then, for each we have . Since endpoint functions are -pre-invex functions for each , then is --pre-invex . If
then , for all . Since and . If and , then we compute the following:
From (59) and (60), we have
Hence, (46) is verified.
For (51), we have
From (61) and (62), we have
4. Conclusions
Fuzzy-number valued mapping is a good method for incorporating uncertainty into prediction systems. We demonstrated fractional versions of the Hermite–Hadamard-, Fejér-, and Pachpatte-type inequalities using a novel concept from [59]. We showed that our results can lead to a few new results for the h-preinvex mapping and the h-convex mapping in fuzzy-number valued settings. The well-known Riemann–Liouville fractional integral was used in a novel method for solving -fuzzy ordered inequalities. Some numerical examples were also looked at to help explain the findings. Future work could adapt this strategy to include other fractional operators such as tempered, Atangana–Baleanu, Caputo–Fabrizio, and generalized fractional integral operators. Various non-symmetric functions can also be used using these methods.
Future presentations of various inequalities, including those of the Hermite–Hadamard, Ostrowski, Jensen–Mercer, Bullen, and Simpson types, can be obtained using this new this idea. A variety of interval-valued quantum calculus, fuzzy calculus, and fractional calculus can all be used to establish related inequalities.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, M.B.K.; methodology, M.B.K. and A.C.; validation, M.S.S. and A.C.; formal analysis, M.S.S.; investigation, M.B.K. and A.C.; resources, M.S.S. and A.C.; data curation, A.C.; writing—original draft preparation, M.B.K.; writing—review and editing, M.B.K., A.C. and M.S.S.; visualization, M.B.K.; supervision, M.B.K. and N.A.; project administration, M.B.K., A.C. and N.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
The research was funded by University of Oradea, Romania.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Rector, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan, for providing excellent research.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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