Abstract
Leveraging low-cost drone technology, specifically the DJI Mini 2, this study presents an innovative method for creating accurate, high-resolution digital surface models (DSMs) to enhance topographic mapping with off-the-shelf components. Our research, conducted near Jena, Germany, introduces two novel flight designs, the “spiral” and “loop” flight designs, devised to mitigate common challenges in structure from motion workflows, such as systematic doming and bowling effects. The analysis, based on height difference products with a lidar-based reference, and curvature estimates, revealed that “loop” and “spiral” flight patterns were successful in substantially reducing these systematic errors. It was observed that the novel flight designs resulted in DSMs with lower curvature values compared to the simple nadir or oblique flight patterns, indicating a significant reduction in distortions. The results imply that the adoption of novel flight designs can lead to substantial improvements in DSM quality, while facilitating shorter flight times and lower computational needs. This work underscores the potential of consumer-grade unoccupied aerial vehicle hardware for scientific applications, especially in remote sensing tasks.