Prevalence and Characteristics of Malaria and Influenza Co-Infection in Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methods
2.1. Protocol and Registration
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Eligibility Criteria
2.4. Study Selection and Data Extraction
2.5. Risk of Bias
2.6. Data Syntheses
3. Results
3.1. Search Results
3.2. Characteristics of the Included Studies
3.3. Risk of Bias
3.4. Pooled Prevalence of Malaria and Influenza Virus Co-Infection
3.5. Pooled Prevalence of Influenza Virus Infection among Malaria-Positive Patients
3.6. Odds of Co-Infection
3.7. Publication Bias
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Authors, Year | Study Site | Study Duration | Study Design | Participants | Age (Years) | Age Range (Years) | Co-Infections | Malaria Cases | Test for Malaria | Test for Influenza |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anjorin et al., 2020 | Nigeria | 2016–2018 | Observational study | 182 pregnant women with influenza-like illness | Median 29 | 18–45 | 56 | 56 | NS | ELISA IgM |
Chipwaza et al., 2014 | Tanzania | 2013 | Observational study | 364 febrile children | NS | 2–13 | 1 | 83 | Microscopy | ELISA IgM, IgG, PCR |
Cummings et al., 2021 | Uganda | 2017–2019 | Prospective cohort study | 431 febrile adults hospitalized with suspected sepsis | Median 32 | IQR: 26–42 | 3 | 58 | RDT | PCR |
Divala et al., 2016 | Malawi | 2009–2010 | Prospective cohort study | 450 pregnant women | 20.2 ± 0.25 | ≥15 | 5 | 88 | Microscopy | NS |
Hercik et al., 2017 | Tanzania | 2014–2015 | Prospective observational study | 997 febrile patients | Median 23 | 1–79 | 22 | 327 | RDT, Microscopy | PCR |
Hogan et al., 2017 | Ghana | 2014–2015 | Prospective observational study | 1063 febrile children | Median 2 | IQR: 1–4 | 7 | NS | Microscopy | PCR |
Kasper et al., 2012 | Cambodia | 2006–2009 | Prospective observational study | 9997 febrile patients | Median 13 | IQR: 6–28 | 8 | 716 | Microscopy | PCR |
Mueller et al., 2014 | Cambodia | 2008–2010 | Prospective observational study | 1193 febrile patients | Mean 23.4 ± 10.6 | 7–49 | 32 | 644 | RDT, PCR | PCR |
Nzoumbou-Boko et al., 2020 | The Central African Republic | 2015–2018 | Retrospective observational study | 5397 febrile patients | Median 11 | 2 months to 78 years | 367 | 3609 | RDT | NS |
Thompson et al., 2012 | Kenya | 2009–2011 | Retrospective observational study | 1992 febrile patients | Mean 2.31 ± 1.34 | 0–5 | 149 | 1322 | Microscopy | PCR |
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Wilairatana, P.; Mala, W.; Kotepui, K.U.; Kotepui, M. Prevalence and Characteristics of Malaria and Influenza Co-Infection in Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7, 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080168
Wilairatana P, Mala W, Kotepui KU, Kotepui M. Prevalence and Characteristics of Malaria and Influenza Co-Infection in Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2022; 7(8):168. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080168
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilairatana, Polrat, Wanida Mala, Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui, and Manas Kotepui. 2022. "Prevalence and Characteristics of Malaria and Influenza Co-Infection in Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 8: 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080168