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Article

Environmental and Institutional Factors Affecting Renewable Energy Development and Implications for Achieving SDGs 7 and 11 in Mozambique’s Major Cities

by
Ambe J. Njoh
1,*,
Irene Boane Tomás
2,
Elisabeth N. M. Ayuk-Etang
3,
Lucy Deba Enomah
1,
Tangwan Pascar Tah
4 and
Tenguh A. Njoh
5
1
School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
2
International Relations Office, Maputo City Government, Maputo 1100, Mozambique
3
Department of English, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
4
Department of Accountancy, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
5
Njoh Technical College, Buea SW/0001, Cameroon
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Urban Sci. 2026, 10(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10010047
Submission received: 21 October 2025 / Revised: 15 December 2025 / Accepted: 16 December 2025 / Published: 12 January 2026
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Abstract

Mozambique’s rapidly urbanizing landscape presents both opportunities and challenges for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 and 11, which aim to ensure access to clean energy and sustainable cities. This study employs the HESPECT analytical framework—emphasizing Historical, Economic, Social, Political, Ecological, Cultural, and Technological dimensions of the energy context—to examine the factors shaping renewable energy transitions in Mozambican cities. The analysis reveals a dual dynamic: facilitating factors such as abundant solar and wind potential, expanding urban energy demand, and growing policy support; and inhibiting factors including deforestation-driven ecological stress, poverty, infrastructural deficits, and uneven access to technology and education. By linking renewable energy development to urban planning, service delivery, and social inclusion, the study underscores how energy systems shape the sustainability and livability of Mozambique’s cities. The paper concludes that advancing Mozambique’s renewable energy agenda requires targeted interventions to mitigate constraints while leveraging enabling factors to strengthen institutional capacity, enhance social inclusion, and accelerate progress toward guaranteeing clean and affordable energy to all (SDG 7) and livable, sustainable cities (SDG 11).
Keywords: biomass; hydropower; renewable energy; solar; wind biomass; hydropower; renewable energy; solar; wind
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MDPI and ACS Style

Njoh, A.J.; Tomás, I.B.; Ayuk-Etang, E.N.M.; Enomah, L.D.; Tah, T.P.; Njoh, T.A. Environmental and Institutional Factors Affecting Renewable Energy Development and Implications for Achieving SDGs 7 and 11 in Mozambique’s Major Cities. Urban Sci. 2026, 10, 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10010047

AMA Style

Njoh AJ, Tomás IB, Ayuk-Etang ENM, Enomah LD, Tah TP, Njoh TA. Environmental and Institutional Factors Affecting Renewable Energy Development and Implications for Achieving SDGs 7 and 11 in Mozambique’s Major Cities. Urban Science. 2026; 10(1):47. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10010047

Chicago/Turabian Style

Njoh, Ambe J., Irene Boane Tomás, Elisabeth N. M. Ayuk-Etang, Lucy Deba Enomah, Tangwan Pascar Tah, and Tenguh A. Njoh. 2026. "Environmental and Institutional Factors Affecting Renewable Energy Development and Implications for Achieving SDGs 7 and 11 in Mozambique’s Major Cities" Urban Science 10, no. 1: 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10010047

APA Style

Njoh, A. J., Tomás, I. B., Ayuk-Etang, E. N. M., Enomah, L. D., Tah, T. P., & Njoh, T. A. (2026). Environmental and Institutional Factors Affecting Renewable Energy Development and Implications for Achieving SDGs 7 and 11 in Mozambique’s Major Cities. Urban Science, 10(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10010047

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