Structure Formation and Curing Stage of Arbolite–Concrete Composites Based on Iron-Sulfur Binders

Round 1

Reviewer 1 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

(1) The abstract exceeds the recommended length. It should be shortened and focused.

(2) Significant concerns exist regarding the paper's overall rigor and scientific foundation, for example, the citation form, the way to present the methods and results.

(3) Problems in standard scientific writing or presentation. Some of them are as follows:

①Units are incorrectly stated: 550-650 kg/m3 should be 550-650 kg/m³. (Line 53)

②Heading/subheading hierarchy requires correction. In Section 1.2, the numbering level for the listed tasks exceeds that of the section heading. These should be consistently formatted using a lower hierarchy style, such as (1), (2), (3). (Lines 123, 126, 128)

③Chemical formula is incorrect: AI₂O₃ should be amended to Al₂O₃. (Line 137)

④Figure quality and presentation need enhancement: The resolution of the figures should be improved to ensure clarity. Additionally, the labels/numbering within the figures should be neatly aligned. (Line 146)

⑤Units require correction: mm should be mm³. (Line265)

⑥Conclusion section: The numbering style 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 used in the Conclusion is inappropriate for this context and hierarchy level. It should be revised to a format like (1), (2), (3). (Line 505)

 

Comments on the Quality of English Language

The proficiency in English should be greatly improved before considering. 

Author Response

1- The abstract exceeds the recommended length. It should be shortened and focused

Response to comments: I agree with the comment, the abstract will be corrected.

2. There are significant concerns about the overall rigor and scientific basis of the paper, e.g., the form of citations, the way methods and results are presented.

Response to comments: I agree with the comment, the abstract will be corrected.

3. Problems in standard scientific writing or presentation. Some of them are as follows:
4. Incorrect units of measurement: 550-650 kg/m3 should be 550-650 kg/m3. (line 53)

2- The hierarchy of headings/subheadings needs to be corrected. In Section 1.2, the numbering level of the listed tasks exceeds the numbering level of the section heading. They should be consistently formatted using a lower hierarchical style, e.g. (1), (2), (3). (Lines 123, 126, 128)

3- The chemical formula is incorrect: AI2O3 should be changed to Al2O3. (Line 137)

4. Figure quality and presentation need improvement: Figure resolution should be improved for clarity. Also, the labels/numbering in the figures should be neatly aligned. (Line 146)
5. Units require correction: mm should be mm3. (Line265)
6. Conclusion section: The numbering style 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 used in the Conclusion is not appropriate for this context and hierarchy level. It should be changed to the format (1), (2), (3). (Line 505)

Response to Comments: Response to Comment: I agree with the comment, the abstract will be corrected.

Author Response File: Author Response.docx

Reviewer 2 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

The study aims to develop iron-sulfur-containing binders through mechanochemical treatment of industrial wastes, focusing on the structure formation and curing stages of arbolite concrete composites under long-term loading. It investigates the utilization of oil and metallurgical waste, such as technical sulfur and pyrite cinders, to create lightweight, eco-friendly arbolite concrete with enhanced strength and deformation properties, suitable for civil construction in seismic areas. We recommend a major revision to address several critical areas:

1. The manuscript clearly outlines its objectives, emphasizing the development of iron-sulfur binders and the study of arbolite concrete’s structure formation and curing under long-term loads. The tasks listed in Section 1.2 align well with the overall aim, providing a structured approach to the research.
2. The title of the manuscript does not adequately reflect its content.
3. The abstract is comprehensive and effectively summarizes key contributions but could benefit from more specifics on experimental setup and statistical validation to enhance clarity.
4. See line 46 page 2.
5. In the final paragraph of the introduction section, it is important to explicitly identify the research gaps based on the literature provided earlier. And also describe the research goal precisely. Expand your introduction and cite https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109374
6. Revise lines 10-11 page 5.
7. Provide a more detailed characterization of the materials used in the mixture design (see section 2.2 page 4).
8. Please update the Samples preparation and provide flow chart to indicate the preparation process.
9. The experimental methodology is detailed, with clear descriptions of materials, mechanochemical treatment processes, and testing procedures (e.g., creep strain and strength tests). The use of strain gauges and depth load cells to study failure mechanisms is innovative. However, the rationale for selecting specific stress levels (0.15Rbn, 0.44Rbn, 0.74Rbn) could be better explained.
10. The results are well-organized, supported by tables and figures (e.g., Tables 1–4, Figures 4–7). The findings on increased compressive strength with 8–13% sulfur addition and the sequential failure of mortar and organic components are significant. However, some figures (e.g., Figures 4–5) lack detailed captions or explanations, which could enhance clarity.
11. Ensure all abbreviations are checked for accuracy and consistency throughout the manuscript.
12. Revise all superscripts and subscripts.
13. Sorry the mix proportions of mixtures are missing.
14. The discussion section effectively interprets the results, linking them to the mechanochemical processes and waste utilization. However, it could benefit from comparing the findings with similar studies to highlight the study’s advancements or limitations.
15. Revise (For a material with a dense structure, it applies when the adhesion strength of the mor- 442 tar component is less than the strength of an organic aggregate in the form of crushed reed fiber. 443 And for porous and coarse-pored materials, the structures refer to when the adhesion strength of 444 the mortar component is greater than the strength of the organic aggregate in the form of crushed 445 reed fiber.) on page 14.
16. Check Table 4.
17. Sorry, I am confused about Change in the compressive strength of sulfur -containing expanded clay concrete 411 samples depending on the curing time. (please revise Fig. 7).
18. Revise the conclusions to make them more specific and directly tied to the findings.

Author Response

The aim of the research is to develop iron-sulfur-containing binders by mechanochemical processing of industrial wastes, with a focus on the stages of structure formation and hardening of arbolite concrete composites under long-term loading. The use of oil and metallurgical industry wastes, such as industrial sulfur and pyritic slags, to create lightweight, environmentally friendly arbolite concretes with enhanced strength and deformation properties suitable for civil engineering in seismic areas is investigated. We recommend that the document be substantially revised to address several critical points:

Comments 1: 

The manuscript clearly states the objectives of the study, emphasizing the development of iron-sulfur binders and the study of arbolite concrete structure formation and curing under long-term loading. The objectives listed in section 1.2 are well aligned with the overall objective, providing a structured approach to the study.

2. The title of the manuscript does not adequately reflect its content

Response 1,2: 

Response to comments: I agree with the comment, we will revise the title of the manuscript topic to match the content of the study

Comments 3: 

The abstract is comprehensive and effectively summarizes the key contribution, but more specific details about the experimental setup and statistical testing could have been used for clarity.

Response 3: Comment agreed, we will correct the abstract based on your comments

Comments 4: See line 46 page 2.

Response 4: Comment agreed, fixed.

Comments 5: In the last paragraph of the introduction, it is important to clearly identify the gaps in the research based on the literature presented earlier. Also, accurately describe the purpose of the study. Expand the introduction and cite https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109374.

Response 5: 

We agree with the comments, we will take your comments into account when correcting the manuscript

Comments 6: Revise lines 10-11 page 5.

Response 6: Agree with the comments, we will take your comments into account when correcting the manuscript

Comments 7: Provide a more detailed characterization of the materials used in the mix design (see section 2.2 page 4).

Response 7:  Agree with the comment, we will take your comments into account when developing iron-sulfur binder mixtures

Comments 8: 

Please update the sample preparation information and provide a flowchart of the preparation process.

Response 8: 

We agree with the comment, the sample preparation process of iron-sulfur binder mixtures is given in paragraph 2.2.2.

Comments 9: Тhe experimental methodology is detailed, with clear descriptions of materials, mechanochemical treatment processes and test procedures (e.g. creep strain and strength tests). The use of strain gauges and depth strain gauges to study fracture mechanisms is innovative. However, the rationale for selecting specific stress levels (0.15Rbn, 0.44Rbn, 0.74Rbn) could be better explained.

Response 9: Due to the peculiarity of iron-sulfur-containing arbolite concrete specimens (Table 4), the magnitude of the maximum load on the prismatic specimens was limited between 60 and 120 kN, which was determined by the limiting equation of specimen loading equal to 0.75Rbn, where, Rbn-prismatic compressive strength of iron-sulfur-containing arbolite concrete. The coefficient of prismatic strength of sulfur-containing arbolite is on average 25% higher than that of conventional lightweight concrete, which can be explained by the peculiarities of its deformational properties, characterized by greater ultimate extensibility (Table 4). Therefore, when standardizing the prismatic strength coefficient (Rbn) of iron-sulfur-containing arbolite is recommended to take 20-25% higher than for lightweight and cellular concrete.

Comments 10:  The results are well organized, supported by tables and figures (e.g., Tables 1-4, Figures 4-7). The findings of increased compressive strength with the addition of 8-13% sulfur and consistent failure of mortar and organic components are significant. However, some figures (e.g., Figure 4-5) lack detailed captions or explanations that would improve clarity.

Response 10: 

We agree with the comments, we will take your comments into account when correcting the manuscript

Comments 11: 

Ensure that all abbreviations are checked for accuracy and consistency throughout the manuscript.

Response 11: Agree with the comment, we will take your comments into account when correcting the manuscript

Comments 12: 

Revise all superscripts and subscripts.

Response 12: Agree with the comment, we will take your comments into account when correcting the manuscript

Comments  13: 

I apologize that the proportions of the mixtures are not given.

Response 13: We agree with your comments and will take your comments into account when correcting the manuscript.

Comments  14:  The Discussion section provides an effective interpretation of the results linking them to mechanochemical processes and waste management. However, it could have benefited from a comparison of the results with similar studies to highlight the achievements or limitations of the study.

Response 14: Comment agreed, we will take your comments into account when correcting the manuscript

Comments  15: 

Revise (For material with dense structure, it applies when the bond strength 442 of the resin component is less than the strength of the organic filler in the form of crushed cane fiber. 443 And for porous and coarse structure materials, apply when the bond 444 strength of the mortar component is greater than the strength of the organic aggregate in the form of crushed 445 reed fiber.) on page. 14.

Response 15: Comment concurs. The strength of iron-sulfur-containing arbolite of porous structure is formed in one phase, the failure is one-stage - on colmatized organic filler, and the material of dense structure was observed sequential failure associated with organic filler based on crushed reed fibers, then with iron-sulfur-containing mortar component, but only in the second phase of curing.

Comments  16:  

Check table 4.

Response 16: We agree with the remarks, we will take your remarks into account when correcting the manuscript

Comments  17:

Sorry, I am confused about the Variation of compressive strength of sulfur-containing expanded clay concrete 411 as a function of curing time. (please revise Figure 7).

Comments  17: We agree with the remarks, we will take your remarks into account when correcting the manuscript. With increasing iron-sulfur content in the range of 10-12% in the arbolite concrete composites and lightweight expanded clay aggregate concrete accepted for comparison of results, the strength of all three series of specimens with curing time increases and reached 3.4; 3.6 and 3.9 MPa and 9.7; 10.3 and 11.2 MPa, respectively (Figures 11 and 12).

Comments  18: 

Revise the conclusions to make them more specific and directly related to the results of the study.

Response 18: 

Response to comments: We agree with the comments, we will take your comments into account when correcting the manuscript

1. Mutual neutralization of toxic iron-sulfur-containing wastes and using the method of mechanochemical treatment, compositions of iron-sulfur-containing binders with compressive strength up to 73.5 MPa were developed for their further use in the composition of arbolite concrete composites. Also the adopted methods allow to reduce the consumption of expensive cement by replacing part of it with cheap industrial wastes.
2. The growth of the strength of iron-sulfur-containing material in the second phase of curing is explained by the change in the deformation modulus of the constituent components of sulfur-containing arbolite under loading with different stress levels. It was found that the deformation modulus of the iron-sulfur-containing mortar component and the material decreases with increasing stress from σ = 0.15Rpr to σ = 0.74Rpr, while it increases for the organic aggregate in a certain range of relative stress. In the stressed state, the organic aggregate based on shredded reed with the size of 4-5mm is strengthened and can take more load than in the unstressed state.
3. The nature of fracture and strength formation of samples from iron-sulfur-containing arbolite at different ages depends on the fraction and size of crushed reed fiber and the average density of lightweight concrete. The strength of iron-sulfur-containing arbolite of porous structure (400-500 kg/m3) is formed in one phase, the destruction is one-stage - on the colmatized organic aggregate, and for the material of dense structure (650-700 kg/m3) there is a sequential destruction associated with the organic aggregate on the basis of shredded reed fibers, then with iron-sulfur-containing mortar component, but only in the second phase of curing.

 

 

 

Author Response File: Author Response.docx

Reviewer 3 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

In its current form, the manuscript contains valuable research but requires major revision before it can be considered for publication. Addressing the above points will significantly improve the quality and impact of the paper.

1. The scope of the manuscript is too broad, as it attempts to cover several complex processes simultaneously, including waste detoxification, mechanochemical binder activation, arbolite concrete production, strength development, creep behavior, and failure mechanisms. The authors should consider narrowing the focus or, at minimum, restructuring the manuscript to present these aspects in clearly separated sections. This would greatly improve the logical flow and allow the reader to better understand the main contributions of the work.

2. The literature review covers many aspects but lacks a critical synthesis of previous work. While the authors cite numerous references, the review would benefit from a clearer identification of research gaps and a stronger emphasis on how this study advances the field. The novelty of the present research should be explicitly stated and justified relative to existing work.

3. The methodology section requires more detail, particularly regarding the mechanochemical treatment process. Critical information such as grinding time, speed, equipment parameters, and process atmosphere is missing. The chemical detoxification reactions involved are only briefly mentioned but should be explained in more depth, including the stabilization mechanisms for the heavy metals. Furthermore, additional material characterization (e.g., particle size distribution, surface area, mineral phase analysis) is needed to fully understand the starting materials and their transformation during processing.

4. The results section provides interesting data, but the scientific discussion needs to be strengthened. Many observed trends are presented without sufficient explanation of the underlying mechanisms. For example, creep behavior (Figures 4 and 5) lacks detailed quantitative analysis and statistical representation (e.g., error bars, variability). The discussion of hardening stages and failure mechanisms is overly complex and would benefit from simplification and clearer scientific reasoning. Figures require improved quality, better labels, and more comprehensive integration into the text.

5. The manuscript requires substantial language editing. Many sentences are grammatically incorrect or unnecessarily complex, which makes the manuscript difficult to follow. The authors are encouraged to revise the manuscript thoroughly, using clear, concise, and standard scientific terminology to improve overall readability and professionalism.

6. The conclusions section should be reorganized to clearly summarize the major findings of the study, highlight the main scientific contributions, discuss limitations, and propose areas for future research. Additionally, the section numbering is inconsistent and should be corrected.

7. There are several minor issues throughout the manuscript that should be addressed. These include standardizing units (MPa, kg/m³, °C), ensuring consistency in figure and table numbering, improving figure captions, and verifying that all figures referenced in the text are adequately described and shown.

Author Response

Comment 1: The scope of the manuscript is too broad, as it attempts to cover several complex processes simultaneously, including waste detoxification, mechanochemical binder activation, arbolite concrete production, strength development, creep behavior, and failure mechanisms. The authors should consider narrowing the focus or, at minimum, restructuring the manuscript to present these aspects in clearly separated sections. This would greatly improve the logical flow and allow the reader to better understand the main contributions of the work.

Response1: 

The answer to the comments: We agree with the comment, we will take it into account when correcting the manuscript.

Comment 2: 

The literature review covers many aspects but lacks a critical synthesis of previous work. While the authors cite numerous references, the review would benefit from a clearer identification of research gaps and a stronger emphasis on how this study advances the field. The novelty of the present research should be explicitly stated and justified relative to existing work.

Response2: 

We agree with the comment, we will take it into account when correcting the manuscript. The novelty of the research work lies in the fact that our proposed method of structuring and forming the strength of arbolite concrete composites under prolonged load based on activated iron-sulfur binders resulted in the following: 1. The adopted methods of mutual neutralization and detoxification by their mechanochemical treatment made it possible to reduce the consumption of expensive cement by replacing some of it with cheap industrial waste. 2. An increase in the strength of an iron-sulfur-containing material depending on the hardening period and a change in the modulus of deformation and especially the high extensibility of an organic aggregate based on crushed cane in an iron-sulfur-containing arbolite under loading with various stress levels. 3. The nature of the destruction and strength formation of samples from iron-sulfur-containing arbolite at different ages, depending on the fraction and size of the crushed reed fiber. The practical significance of this study is the results obtained during the study, which can be recommended for the construction industry in the construction of civil buildings, especially in regions with seismic activity. Although the study covers important aspects of the topic, this study examines only a limited area of the construction industry for low-rise construction. Despite the significance of the data obtained, it is necessary to conduct more extensive research on additional experimental work on the strength and deformability of arbolite concrete products.

Comment 3: 

The methodology section requires more detail, particularly regarding the mechanochemical treatment process. Critical information such as grinding time, speed, equipment parameters, and process atmosphere is missing. The chemical detoxification reactions involved are only briefly mentioned but should be explained in more depth, including the stabilization mechanisms for the heavy metals. Furthermore, additional material characterization (e.g., particle size distribution, surface area, mineral phase analysis) is needed to fully understand the starting materials and their transformation during processing.

Response3: 

We agree with the comment, we will take it into account when correcting the manuscript. To neutralize the toxic components of industrial waste, work was carried out on their mechanochemical treatment at low temperatures. In the selected wastes, iron in the oxidation state of three (as Fe2O3) acted as oxidizing agents, and elemental sulfur and iron in the oxidation state of two (FeO) possessed reducing properties. Since studies considered the joint grinding of pyrite cinder and sulfur as the main method of introducing sulfur additives into an iron-sulfur-containing mixture, not only the specific surface area of the resulting iron-sulfur binder was determined, but also pyrite cinder and sulfur separately. To separate the components of the iron-sulfur binder, the decantation method was used. For this purpose, one liter of iron-sulfur-containing sludge obtained by joint grinding of a pyrite cinder with the addition of sulfur, and an additional three liters of water were poured into a glass flask with a capacity of five liters. The contents were mixed and settled for two hours. After that, the top layer consisting of sulfur was separated and filtered together with water, and water was added to a flask with a pyrite stub and the process was repeated until the sulfur separation was visually completed. Next, the iron-sulfur mixture was also filtered out. Practice has shown that no more than four cycles are sufficient for complete separation. The obtained materials were dried, averaged, and the specific surface area was determined. In this case, the separated sulfur was dried in a drying cabinet at a temperature of no more than 70 ° C, and a pyrite cinder at 500 ° C to remove any remaining sulfur.

When planning the research, the scientific hypothesis was implemented that in order to achieve the effect of additional activation of each particle of additives, they were ground together, resulting in mutual detoxification of solid waste having special opposite chemical properties.  During experimental work on the preliminary determination of the composition and activation of iron-sulfur additives, grinding took place on the structures of the LSHM-750 ball mill due to abrasion and impact. The technical characteristics of the ball mill are given below: grinding principle - friction; shaft dimensions – d 45 mm, length 170 mm, 370 mm; speed range - 100-750 rpm; weight of installed drums - up to 12 kg; power consumption - 300 W; overall dimensions - 1000x325x265 mm; weight - 35 kg.

To study the possibility of using a method for the mechanochemical activation of additives in the form of technical sulfur and pyrite cinder together with cement mortar and its effect on the properties of an iron-sulfur-containing dough and the strength of an iron-sulfur-containing cement stone, a method for sequentially studying a mortar mixture of a three-component binder was adopted. An analysis of the processes occurring in this sequence made it possible to find out the reasons for the increased activity of the initial binder. 

The samples were produced in the technological sequence:

  - preparation and dosing of iron-sulfur additives based on pyrite cinder and technical sulfur by fractional composition and specific surface area;

 - preparation and dosing of Portland cement;

  - preparation and mixing of a certain amount of water from the total weight of the binder;

  - loading of iron-sulfur additives based on pyrite cinder and technical sulfur into the mill in the following ratios 100:200, 100:250, 150: 250 by weight, grinding to a fineness characterized by 8-10% of the residue on a sieve No. 008 and stirring for 20 minutes;

  - subsequent addition of 67-70% cement and insufficient amount of water to the iron-sulfur-containing dry mixture up to W/C = 0.6;

   - joint grinding of iron-sulfur-containing additives together with cement for 10 minutes.

   - stopping the mill and unloading the sulfur-containing binder.

The specific surfaces of the components of iron-sulfur-containing dry mixtures after grinding in a ball mill are shown in Table 1.

Supplemented methods based on your observations of the effect of sulfur additives on the strength characteristics of iron-sulfur binders with phase and mineral composition are given in paragraph 2.2.4 of the manuscript.

Comment 4: The results section provides interesting data, but the scientific discussion needs to be strengthened. Many observed trends are presented without sufficient explanation of the underlying mechanisms. For example, creep behavior (Figures 4 and 5) lacks detailed quantitative analysis and statistical representation (e.g., error bars, variability). The discussion of hardening stages and failure mechanisms is overly complex and would benefit from simplification and clearer scientific reasoning. Figures require improved quality, better labels, and more comprehensive integration into the text

Response4: 

The answer to the comments: We agree with the comments, we will take them into account when correcting the manuscript. Due to the peculiarity of iron-sulfur-containing arbolite concrete samples (Table. 4), the maximum load on the sample prisms was limited in the range from 60 to 120 kN, which was determined by the limiting equation of sample loading equal to 0.75 Rbn, where Rbn is the prism strength of iron-sulfur–containing arbolite concrete under compression (Fig. 3). This can be explained by the peculiarities of its deformative properties of iron-sulfur-containing arbolite concrete, characterized by a higher ultimate extensibility (Table 5). Therefore, when rationing, the prism strength coefficient (Rbn) of iron-sulfur-containing arbolite is recommended to be 20-25% higher than for light and cellular concretes. Fig. 9-10 shows the results of the creep deformation change depending on the hardening period and from 4 to 90 days by the time of loading. The nature of the deformation changes is somewhat peculiar. Immediately after applying the load, its value increases, reaching its maximum 2-4 days after loading, and then decreases in the limit to values equal to 0.11–0.13 at σ = 0.15 Rnp, 0.14–0.17 at σ = 0.44 Rnp and 0.21–0.25 at σ = 0.74 Rpr, remaining slightly less than the coefficient value elastic-instantaneous deformation v1(τ), found at low stress levels (Fig. 9-10). The table below shows the average values of the creep strain coefficients v2(t, τ) and elastic-instantaneous deformations v1(τ) obtained from the results of compression experiments (Table 7).

Comment 5: The manuscript requires substantial language editing. Many sentences are grammatically incorrect or unnecessarily complex, which makes the manuscript difficult to follow. The authors are encouraged to revise the manuscript thoroughly, using clear, concise, and standard scientific terminology to improve overall readability and professionalism.

Response 5:  

We agree with the comments, we will take them into account when correcting the manuscript.

Comment 6: The conclusions section should be reorganized to clearly summarize the major findings of the study, highlight the main scientific contributions, discuss limitations, and propose areas for future research. Additionally, the section numbering is inconsistent and should be corrected.

Response 6:  

The answer to the comments: We agree with the comments, we will take them into account when correcting the manuscript. The novelty of the research work lies in the fact that our proposed method of structuring and forming the strength of arbolite concrete composites under prolonged load based on activated iron-sulfur binders resulted in the following:

1. The adopted methods of mutual neutralization and detoxification by their mechanochemical treatment made it possible to reduce the consumption of expensive cement by replacing some of it with cheap industrial waste.
2. An increase in the strength of an iron-sulfur-containing material depending on the hardening period and a change in the modulus of deformation and especially the high extensibility of an organic aggregate based on crushed cane in an iron-sulfur-containing arbolite under loading with various stress levels.
3. The nature of the destruction and strength formation of samples from iron-sulfur-containing arbolite at different ages, depending on the fraction and size of the crushed reed fiber. The practical significance of this study is the results obtained during the study, which can be recommended for the construction industry in the construction of civil buildings, especially in regions with seismic activity.

Although the study covers important aspects of the topic, this study examines only a limited area of the construction industry for low-rise construction.

Despite the significance of the data obtained, it is necessary to conduct more extensive research on additional experimental work on the strength and deformability of arbolite concrete products.

Comment 7: There are several minor issues throughout the manuscript that should be addressed. These include standardizing units (MPa, kg/m³, °C), ensuring consistency in figure and table numbering, improving figure captions, and verifying that all figures referenced in the text are adequately described and shown.

Response 7: We agree with the comments, we will take them into account when correcting the manuscript.

Author Response File: Author Response.docx

Round 2

Reviewer 1 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

After revising, the quality of this paper has been greatly improved. I guess it can be accpeted and published on Infrastructures after some small revising according to standardization of the use of serial numbers. For example, in the conlusion section, the "1\2\3\4" should be "(1)\(2)\(3)\(4)‘’etc.

Reviewer 2 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Thank you for your thorough effort and careful attention to addressing all the comments. Upon reviewing the revised manuscript, I recommend its acceptance.

Reviewer 3 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

The manuscript can be accepted for publication