Optimization and Design of a Flexible Droop Nose Leading Edge Morphing Wing Based on a Novel Black Widow Optimization (B.W.O.) Algorithm—Part II
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Aerodynamic Design Optimization
2.2. Numerical Approach
2.2.1. Morphing Model and Method
2.2.2. Computational Domain and Method
2.2.3. Dynamic Mesh Technique
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optimization Results
3.2. Unsteady Aerodynamic Results
Effects of Deflection on Morphing Leading Edge Aerodynamic
3.3. Preliminary Morphing Leading Edge Design
3.3.1. Key Material Properties
3.3.2. Composite Material Modeling
3.3.3. Static Structural Analysis
3.3.4. Preliminary Optimization Approach
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Black Widow Optimization Algorithm | Genetic Algorithm | Particle Swarm Optimization | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spider Size | 40 | Population Size | 40 | Swarm Size | 40 |
Generations | 50 | Generations | 50 | Iterations | 50 |
Reproduction rate | 0.6 | Crossover | 0.7 | Cognitive factor (C1) | 1.2 |
Cannibalism rate | 0.44 | Mutation | 0.3 | Social factor (C2) | 1.2 |
Mutation rate | 0.4 |
Material Properties | Carbon/Epoxy | S-Glass/Epoxy |
---|---|---|
59,160 | 50,000 | |
59,160 | 8000 | |
7500 | 8000 | |
17,500 | 5000 | |
2700 | 3846.1 | |
0.004 | 0.3 | |
0.3 | 0.4 |
Thickness | |
P20 | Material thickness (ply thickness) |
P19 | Material thickness (Stack thickness) |
Geometry | |
P2 | Ply Angle 1 |
P4 | Ply Angle 2 |
P6 | Ply Angle 3 |
P8 | Ply Angle 4 |
P10 | Ply Angle 5 |
P12 | Ply Angle 6 |
P18 | Epoxy Carbon Weight |
P19 | Stack Thickness |
P21 | Stackup Weight |
Loads | |
P47 | Force X Component |
P48 | Force Y Component |
P49 | Pressure Magnitude |
Failure criteria | |
P53 | Max. Stress Failure |
P55 | Tsai-Wu Failure |
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Bashir, M.; Longtin-Martel, S.; Zonzini, N.; Botez, R.M.; Ceruti, A.; Wong, T. Optimization and Design of a Flexible Droop Nose Leading Edge Morphing Wing Based on a Novel Black Widow Optimization (B.W.O.) Algorithm—Part II. Designs 2022, 6, 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060102
Bashir M, Longtin-Martel S, Zonzini N, Botez RM, Ceruti A, Wong T. Optimization and Design of a Flexible Droop Nose Leading Edge Morphing Wing Based on a Novel Black Widow Optimization (B.W.O.) Algorithm—Part II. Designs. 2022; 6(6):102. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060102
Chicago/Turabian StyleBashir, Musavir, Simon Longtin-Martel, Nicola Zonzini, Ruxandra Mihaela Botez, Alessandro Ceruti, and Tony Wong. 2022. "Optimization and Design of a Flexible Droop Nose Leading Edge Morphing Wing Based on a Novel Black Widow Optimization (B.W.O.) Algorithm—Part II" Designs 6, no. 6: 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060102