Radio Wave Attenuation Measurement System Based on RSSI for Precision Agriculture: Application to Tomato Greenhouses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Radio Wave Attenuation Measurement System in a Greenhouse
2.1. Architecture
2.2. System Hardware
- Re-Mote nodes. Zolertia’s Re-Mote motes have radio transceiver modules capable of acting as a Tx transmitter and Rx receiver node. It was chosen because its board is an IoT platform with extensive Contiki OS software support, including 6LoWPAN, RPL and other widely used IoT protocols. It integrates Texas Instruments’ CC2538 System-on-Chip (SoC) chip for low-power, short-range communication in the 2.4 GHz band, with a current consumption of 24 mA when transmitting, 20 mA when receiving, and 1.3 uA in the sleep state [42,43,44]. On the other hand, the EIRP (equivalent radiated isotropic radiated power) of the Tx node was −29 dBm in the tests and 5 dBi gain antennas were used for both motes. The re-receive sensitivity at the Re-Mote nodes was −97 dBm.
- Lithium-ion battery. The lithium-ion battery was connected to the 3.7 V Tx transmitter to maintain the transmitter’s autonomy.
- Humidity and temperature sensor. In addition, the DHT22 sensor was connected to the transmitter module to transmit temperature and humidity data, which are traditionally used to monitor and supervise the environmental conditions of the crop in a greenhouse.
2.3. System Software
- Re-Mote nodes. The Contiki operating system, developed in 2002 by Adam Dunkels, was installed and configured as an open source runtime environment for low-power, memory-limited wireless sensor nodes [46]. It is lightweight, making it ideal for IoT. Its applications are developed with the C programming language. It has a built-in TCP/IP implementation for embedded devices, officially supporting various device platforms that make up wireless sensor networks, including the Re-Mote board [47,48,49]. Only Contiki’s power-saving module (power-mgmt.h) was used in the transmitter node, because during the test phase this station is the one that is far away from the receiver node and does not have an electrical outlet, instead being powered by its own battery. The receiving node was powered by the Raspberry Pi, which in turn was connected to a power socket at one end of the greenhouse. For radio communication, we employed the Rime stack (rime.h), which provides a set of basic communication primitives for best-effort single-hop network broadcasting (“unicast”) and reliable multi-hop “multi-hop unicast” [50].
- The program developed in C for the transmitter station sends frames of temperature and humidity data obtained from the DHT22 sensor periodically on a variable timer, while remaining suspended the rest of the time. This reduces power consumption, extending the transmitter’s autonomy. On the other hand, the receiving station, powered by the Raspberry Pi and the greenhouse socket, measures the RSSI and obtains the data frame sent by the transmitter node.
- Raspberry Pi. The Raspbian distribution based on Debian was installed and several scripts were developed in the Python language that established serial communication with the Zolertia devices and generated.csv files with the data they receive, storing them in the SD memory of the Raspberry Pi. It also has a clock module with a CR2032 battery so that the date and time are not decalibrated when it is turned off, recording it with each RSSI record.
3. Deployment and Commissioning in a Tomato Greenhouse
3.1. Deployment of the System
3.2. Conducting Experiments
3.3. Measurement Procedure
4. Radio Wave Attenuation Dataset in Tomato Greenhouse
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cycle | Temperature | Humidity | RSSI | Date | Hour |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 14 | 63 | −93 | 25 March 2018 | 11:37:48 |
2 | 14 | 63 | −93 | 25 March 2018 | 11:37:58 |
3 | 14 | 63 | −93 | 25 March 2018 | 11:38:08 |
4 | 14 | 63 | −93 | 25 March 2018 | 11:38:18 |
5 | 14 | 63 | −93 | 25 March 2018 | 11:38:28 |
6 | 14 | 63 | −94 | 25 March 2018 | 11:38:38 |
7 | 14 | 63 | −94 | 25 March 2018 | 11:38:48 |
8 | 14 | 63 | −94 | 25 March 2018 | 11:38:58 |
9 | 14 | 63 | −94 | 25 March 2018 | 11:39:08 |
10 | 14 | 63 | −93 | 25 March 2018 | 11:39:18 |
11 | 14 | 63 | −93 | 25 March 2018 | 11:39:28 |
12 | 14 | 63 | −93 | 25 March 2018 | 11:39:38 |
13 | 14 | 63 | −93 | 25 March 2018 | 11:39:48 |
14 | 14 | 63 | −92 | 25 March 2018 | 11:39:58 |
15 | 14 | 63 | −91 | 25 March 2018 | 11:40:08 |
16 | 14 | 63 | −91 | 25 March 2018 | 11:40:18 |
17 | 14 | 63 | −91 | 25 March 2018 | 11:40:28 |
18 | 14 | 63 | −91 | 25 March 2018 | 11:40:38 |
19 | 14 | 63 | −91 | 25 March 2018 | 11:40:48 |
20 | 14 | 63 | −91 | 25 March 2018 | 11:40:58 |
21 | 14 | 63 | −91 | 25 March 2018 | 11:41:08 |
22 | 14 | 63 | −91 | 25 March 2018 | 11:41:18 |
23 | 14 | 63 | −91 | 25 March 2018 | 11:41:28 |
24 | 14 | 63 | −91 | 25 March 2018 | 11:41:38 |
25 | 14 | 63 | −91 | 25 March 2018 | 11:41:48 |
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Cama-Pinto, D.; Holgado-Terriza, J.A.; Damas-Hermoso, M.; Gómez-Mula, F.; Cama-Pinto, A. Radio Wave Attenuation Measurement System Based on RSSI for Precision Agriculture: Application to Tomato Greenhouses. Inventions 2021, 6, 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6040066
Cama-Pinto D, Holgado-Terriza JA, Damas-Hermoso M, Gómez-Mula F, Cama-Pinto A. Radio Wave Attenuation Measurement System Based on RSSI for Precision Agriculture: Application to Tomato Greenhouses. Inventions. 2021; 6(4):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6040066
Chicago/Turabian StyleCama-Pinto, Dora, Juan Antonio Holgado-Terriza, Miguel Damas-Hermoso, Francisco Gómez-Mula, and Alejandro Cama-Pinto. 2021. "Radio Wave Attenuation Measurement System Based on RSSI for Precision Agriculture: Application to Tomato Greenhouses" Inventions 6, no. 4: 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6040066