Individual Variation in Movement Behavior of Stream-Resident Mediterranean Brown Trout (Salmo trutta Complex)
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Fish Sampling and PIT Tagging
2.3. PIT Detection Surveys
2.4. Detection Efficiency Assessment
2.5. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Detection Efficiency and General Movement Patterns
3.2. Mobile vs. Sedentary Individuals
3.3. Influence of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Movements
4. Discussion
4.1. Overall Movement Patterns and Mobile Fish Ratio
4.2. Drivers of Movement Variability
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Gowan, C.; Fausch, K.D. Mobile Brook Trout in Two High-Elevation Colorado Streams: Reevaluating the Concept of Restricted Movement. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1996, 53, 1370–1381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hodges, S.W.; Magoulick, D.D. Refuge Habitats for Fishes during Seasonal Drying in an Intermittent Stream: Movement, Survival and Abundance of Three Minnow Species. Aquat. Sci. 2011, 73, 513–522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cooke, S.J.; Bergman, J.N.; Twardek, W.M.; Piczak, M.L.; Casselberry, G.A.; Lutek, K.; Dahlmo, L.S.; Birnie-Gauvin, K.; Griffin, L.P.; Brownscombe, J.W.; et al. The Movement Ecology of Fishes. J. Fish Biol. 2022, 101, 756–779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Garrett, J.W.; Bennett, D.H. Seasonal Movements of Adult Brown Trout Relative to Temperature in a Coolwater Reservoir. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 1995, 15, 480–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zimmer, M.; Schreer, J.F.; Power, M. Seasonal Movement Patterns of Credit River Brown Trout (Salmo trutta). Ecol. Freshw. Fish 2010, 19, 290–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rocaspana, R.; Aparicio, E.; Palau-Ibars, A.; Guillem, R.; Alcaraz, C. Hydropeaking Effects on Movement Patterns of Brown Trout (L.). River Res. Appl. 2019, 35, 646–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aparicio, E.; De Sostoa, A. Pattern of Movements of Adult Barbus Haasi in a Small Mediterranean Stream. J. Fish Biol. 1999, 55, 1086–1095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Albanese, B.; Angermeier, P.L.; Dorai-Raj, S. Ecological Correlates of Fish Movement in a Network of Virginia Streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2004, 61, 857–869. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Slavík, O.; Horký, P.; Maciak, M.; Horká, P.; Langrová, I. Diel Movement of Brown Trout, Salmo trutta, is Reduced in Dense Populations with High Site Fidelity. Ecol. Evol. 2018, 8, 4495–4507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Downs, C.C.; Horan, D.; Morgan-Harris, E.; Jakubowski, R. Spawning Demographics and Juvenile Dispersal of an Adfluvial Bull Trout Population in Trestle Creek, Idaho. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 2006, 26, 190–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hutchings, J.A.; Gerber, L. Sex–Biased Dispersal in a Salmonid Fish. Proc. R. Soc. London. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 2002, 269, 2487–2493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodríguez, M.A. Restricted Movement in Stream Fish: The Paradigm Is Incomplete, Not Lost. Ecology 2002, 83, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woolnough, D.A.; Downing, J.A.; Newton, T.J. Fish Movement and Habitat Use Depends on Water Body Size and Shape. Ecol. Freshw. Fish 2009, 18, 83–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jonsson, B.; Jonsson, N. Ecology of Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout: Habitat as a Template for Life Histories; Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2011; ISBN 978-94-007-1189-1. [Google Scholar]
- Lobón-Cerviá, J. Introduction. In Brown Trout; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2017; pp. 1–13. ISBN 978-1-119-26835-2. [Google Scholar]
- Hesthagen, T. Movements of Brown Trout, Salmo trutta, and Juvenile Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, in a Coastal Stream in Northern Norway. J. Fish Biol. 1988, 32, 639–653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knouft, J.H.; Spotila, J.R. Assessment of Movements of Resident Stream Brown Trout, Salmo trutta L., among Contiguous Sections of Stream. Ecol. Freshw. Fish 2002, 11, 85–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aparicio, E.; Rocaspana, R.; de Sostoa, A.; Palau-Ibars, A.; Alcaraz, C. Movements and Dispersal of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758) in Mediterranean Streams: Influence of Habitat and Biotic Factors. PeerJ 2018, 6, e5730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Skalski, G.T.; Gilliam, J.F. Modeling Diffusive Spread in a Heterogeneous Population: A Movement Study with Stream Fish. Ecology 2000, 81, 1685–1700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rasmussen, J.E.; Belk, M.C. Individual Movement of Stream Fishes: Linking Ecological Drivers with Evolutionary Processes. Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac. 2017, 25, 70–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johnsson, J.I.; Näslund, J. Studying Behavioural Variation in Salmonids from an Ecological Perspective: Observations Questions methodological considerations. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 2018, 28, 795–823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Conrad, J.L.; Weinersmith, K.L.; Brodin, T.; Saltz, J.B.; Sih, A. Behavioural Syndromes in Fishes: A Review with Implications for Ecology and Fisheries Management. J. Fish Biol. 2011, 78, 395–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lucas, M.; Baras, E. Migration of Freshwater Fishes; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2008; ISBN 978-0-470-99964-6. [Google Scholar]
- Sanz, N. Phylogeographic History of Brown Trout: A Review. In Brown trout: Biology, Ecology and Management; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2017; pp. 17–63. ISBN 978-1-119-26835-2. [Google Scholar]
- Ayllón, D.; Railsback, S.F.; Harvey, B.C.; García Quirós, I.; Nicola, G.G.; Elvira, B.; Almodóvar, A. Mechanistic Simulations Predict that Thermal and Hydrological Effects of Climate Change on Mediterranean Trout cannot be Offset by Adaptive Behaviour, Evolution, and Increased Food Production. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 693, 133648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vera, M.; Sanz, N.; Hansen, M.M.; Almodóvar, A.; García-Marín, J.-L. Population and Family Structure of Brown Trout, Salmo trutta, in a Mediterranean Stream. Mar. Freshw. Res. 2010, 61, 672–681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aparicio, E.; García-Berthou, E.; Araguas, R.M.; Martínez, P.; García-Marín, J.L. Body Pigmentation Pattern to Assess Introgression by Hatchery Stocks in Native Salmo trutta from Mediterranean Streams. J. Fish Biol. 2005, 67, 931–949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jowett, I.G. A Method for Objectively Identifying Pool, Run, and Riffle Habitats from Physical Measurements. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 1993, 27, 241–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roussel, J.-M.; Haro, A.; Cunjak, R.A. Field Test of a New Method for Tracking Small Fishes in Shallow Rivers Using Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) technology. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2000, 57, 1326–1329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zydlewski, G.B.; Haro, A.; Whalen, K.G.; McCormick, S.D. Performance of Stationary and Portable Passive Transponder Detection Systems for Monitoring of Fish Movements. J. Fish Biol. 2001, 58, 1471–1475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seber, G.A.F.; Le Cren, E.D. Estimating Population Parameters from Catches Large Relative to the Population. J. Anim. Ecol. 1967, 36, 631–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- QGIS Development Team QGIS Geographic Information System, Version 3.28.14; 2023. Available online: https://download.qgis.org/downloads/ (accessed on 24 June 2025).
- Turchin, P. Quantitative Analysis of Movement: Measuring and Modeling Population Redistribution in Animals and Plants; Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA, 1998; ISBN 978-0-87893-847-6. [Google Scholar]
- Radinger, J.; Wolter, C. Patterns and Predictors of Fish Dispersal in Rivers. Fish Fish. 2014, 15, 456–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burnham, K.P.; Anderson, D.R. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference. A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Maggini, R.; Lehmann, A.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Guisan, A. Improving Generalized Regression Analysis for the Spatial Prediction of Forest Communities. J. Biogeogr. 2006, 33, 1729–1749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burnham, K.P.; Anderson, D.R.; Huyvaert, K.P. AIC Model Selection and Multimodel Inference in Behavioral Ecology: Some Background, Observations, and Comparisons. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2011, 65, 23–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cade, B.S. Model Averaging and Muddled Multimodel Inferences. Ecology 2015, 96, 2370–2382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Genua-Olmedo, A.; Temmerman, S.; Ibáñez, C.; Alcaraz, C. Evaluating Adaptation Options to Sea Level Rise and Benefits to Agriculture: The Ebro Delta Showcase. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 806, 150624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Core Team: Vienna, Austria, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Fraser, D.F.; Gilliam, J.F.; Daley, M.J.; Le, A.N.; Skalski, G.T. Explaining Leptokurtic Movement Distributions: Intrapopulation Variation in Boldness and Exploration. Am. Nat. 2001, 158, 124–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harcup, M.F.; Williams, R.; Ellis, D.M. Movements of Brown Trout, Salmo trutta L., in the River Gwyddon, South Wales. J. Fish Biol. 1984, 24, 415–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bridcut, E.E.; Giller, P.S. Movement and Site Fidelity in Young Brown Trout Salmo trutta Populations in a Southern Irish Stream. J. Fish Biol. 1993, 43, 889–899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-Vega, A.; Sanz-Ronda, F.J.; Fuentes-Pérez, J.F. Seasonal and Daily Upstream Movements of Brown Trout Salmo trutta in an Iberian Regulated River. Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst. 2017, 418, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilson, A.J.; Hutchings, J.A.; Ferguson, M.M. Dispersal in a Stream Dwelling Salmonid: Inferences from Tagging and Microsatellite Studies. Conserv. Genet. 2004, 5, 25–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lamphere, B.A.; Blum, M.J. Genetic Estimates of Population Structure and Dispersal in a Benthic Stream Fish. Ecol. Freshw. Fish 2012, 21, 75–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morrissey, M.B.; Ferguson, M.M. Individual Variation in Movement throughout the Life Cycle of a Stream-Dwelling Salmonid Fish. Mol. Ecol. 2011, 20, 235–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bryan, R.D.; Ney, J.J. Visible Implant Tag Retention by and Effects on Condition of a Stream Population of Brook Trout. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 1994, 14, 216–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shepard, B.B.; Robison-Cox, J.; Ireland, S.C.; White, R.G. Factors Influencing Retention of Visible Implant Tags by Westslope Cutthroat Trout Inhabiting Headwater Streams of Montana. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 1996, 16, 913–920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cucherousset, J.; Britton, J.; Beaumont, W.; Nyqvist, M.; Sievers, K.; Gozlan, R. Determining the Effects of Species, Environmental Conditions and Tracking Method on the Detection Efficiency of Portable PIT Telemetry. J. Fish Biol. 2010, 76, 1039–1045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gouraud, V.; Baran, P.; Lim, P.; Sabaton, C.; Cowx, I. Dynamics of a Population of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) and Fluctuations in Physical Habitat Conditions—Experiments on a Stream in the Pyrenees; First Results. In Management and Ecology of River Fisheries; Fishing News Books, Blackwell Science: Oxford, UK, 2000; pp. 126–142. [Google Scholar]
- Frenette, B.J.; Bryant, M.D. Evaluation of Visible Implant Tags Applied to Wild Coastal Cutthroat Trout and Dolly Varden in Margaret Lake, Southeast Alaska. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 1996, 16, 926–930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sánchez-Hernández, J.; Cobo, F. Modelling the Factors Influencing Ontogenetic Dietary Shifts in Stream-Dwelling Brown Trout (Salmo trutta). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2018, 75, 590–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heggenes, J. Effect of Experimentally Increased Intraspecific Competition on Sedentary Adult Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Movement and Stream Habitat Choice. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1988, 45, 1163–1172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akbaripasand, A.; Krkosek, M.; Lokman, P.M.; Closs, G.P. Does Social Status within a Dominance Hierarchy Mediate Individual Growth, Residency and Relocation? Oecologia 2014, 176, 771–779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perrin, N.; Mazalov, V. Local Competition, Inbreeding, and the Evolution of Sex-Biased Dispersal. Am. Nat. 2000, 155, 116–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meyers, L.S.; Thuemler, T.F.; Kornely, G.W. Seasonal Movements of Brown Trout in Northeast Wisconsin. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 1992, 12, 433–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Young, M.K. Summer Diel Activity and Movement of Adult Brown Trout in High-Elevation Streams in Wyoming, U.S.A. J. Fish Biol. 1999, 54, 181–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gowan, C.; Young, M.K.; Fausch, K.D.; Riley, S.C. Restricted Movement in Resident Stream Salmonids: A Paradigm Lost? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1994, 51, 2626–2637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lans, L.; Greenberg, L.A.; Karlsson, J.; Calles, O.; Schmitz, M.; Bergman, E. The Effects of Ration Size on Migration by Hatchery-Raised Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta). Ecol. Freshw. Fish 2011, 20, 548–557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Höjesjö, J.; ØKland, F.; Sundström, L.F.; Pettersson, J.; Johnsson, J.I. Movement and Home Range in Relation to Dominance; a Telemetry Study on Brown Trout Salmo trutta. J. Fish Biol. 2007, 70, 257–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adriaenssens, B.; Johnsson, J.I. Shy Trout Grow Faster: Exploring Links between Personality and Fitness-Related Traits in the Wild. Behav. Ecol. 2011, 22, 135–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kortet, R.; Vainikka, A.; Janhunen, M.; Piironen, J.; Hyvärinen, P. Behavioral Variation Shows Heritability in Juvenile Brown Trout Salmo trutta. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2014, 68, 927–934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oromi, N.; Jové, M.; Pascual-Pons, M.; Royo, J.L.; Rocaspana, R.; Aparicio, E.; Pamplona, R.; Palau, A.; Sanuy, D.; Fibla, J.; et al. Differential Metabolic Profiles associated to Movement Behaviour of Stream-Resident Brown Trout (Salmo trutta). PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0181697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zarri, L.J.; Palkovacs, E.P.; Post, D.M.; Therkildsen, N.O.; Flecker, A.S. The Evolutionary Consequences of Dams and Other Barriers for Riverine Fishes. BioScience 2022, 72, 431–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Month | σsed ± SE | σmob ± SE | p ± SE |
---|---|---|---|
June | 20.25 ± 0.92 | 303.60 ± 36.47 | 0.918 ± 0.015 |
July | 20.58 ± 0.77 | 408.98 ± 40.50 | 0.912 ± 0.013 |
August | 27.94 ± 1.28 | 702.66 ± 84.09 | 0.912 ± 0.015 |
October | 30.61 ± 1.22 | 923.97 ± 86.71 | 0.859 ± 0.018 |
November | 31.00 ± 1.86 | 682.37 ± 63.21 | 0.787 ± 0.026 |
December | 26.23 ± 2.75 | 695.36 ± 93.64 | 0.791 ± 0.039 |
February | 22.72 ± 2.18 | 619.39 ± 115.40 | 0.823 ± 0.044 |
Model Parameter | Global Model (N = 7; r = 0.37) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP | β ± SE | Bias | βpSD ± SE | BiaspSD | |
Intercept | 1.000 | 0.372 ± 0.481 | 0.231 | ||
HabitatIni—Run | 1.000 | −0.075 ± 0.087 | −0.661 | −0.075 ± 0.087 | −0.075 |
HabitatIni—Riffle | 1.000 | −0.182 ± 0.092 | −0.271 | −0.170 ± 0.086 | −0.053 |
July | 1.000 | −0.267 ± 0.054 | 0.021 | −0.208 ± 0.042 | −0.661 |
August | 1.000 | −0.206 ± 0.052 | 0.027 | −0.170 ± 0.043 | −0.271 |
October | 1.000 | −0.304 ± 0.058 | 0.012 | −0.214 ± 0.041 | −0.306 |
November | 1.000 | −0.125 ± 0.065 | 0.023 | −0.077 ± 0.040 | −0.058 |
December | 1.000 | −0.053 ± 0.088 | 0.026 | −0.022 ± 0.037 | −0.021 |
February | 1.000 | −0.370 ± 0.104 | −0.011 | −0.131 ± 0.037 | 0.023 |
Sex—Male | 1.000 | 0.094 ± 0.037 | −0.005 | 0.090 ± 0.036 | 0.026 |
Group—sedentary | 1.000 | −0.295 ± 0.070 | 0.007 | −0.152 ± 0.036 | −0.011 |
Log(Fork Length) | 0.951 | 0.472 ± 0.198 | −0.021 | 0.085 ± 0.036 | 0.021 |
Log(DensityEnd) | 0.759 | −0.961 ± 0.577 | −0.306 | −0.107 ± 0.064 | 0.027 |
HabitatEnd—Run | 0.687 | 0.167 ± 0.074 | −0.075 | 0.166 ± 0.073 | 0.012 |
HabitatEnd—Riffle | 0.687 | 0.164 ± 0.080 | −0.053 | 0.155 ± 0.075 | −0.005 |
Log(DensityIni) | 0.509 | 0.918 ± 0.513 | −0.058 | 0.104 ± 0.058 | 0.007 |
Model Parameter | Sedentary Trout Model (N = 8; r = 0.43) | Mobile Trout Model (N = 7; r = 0.72) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP | β ± SE | Bias | βpSD ± SE | BiaspSD | SP | β ± SE | Bias | βpSD ± SE | BiaspSD | |
Intercept | 1.000 | 0.505 ± 0.507 | 0.541 | 1.000 | −3.994 ± 2.297 | −0.233 | ||||
HabitatIni—Run | 1.000 | −0.134 ± 0.071 | −0.083 | −0.141 ± 0.075 | −0.083 | |||||
HabitatIni—Riffle | 1.000 | −0.292 ± 0.080 | −0.044 | −0.290 ± 0.080 | −0.044 | |||||
HabitatEnd—Run | 1.000 | 0.204 ± 0.073 | −0.072 | 0.215 ± 0.077 | −0.072 | 0.114 | 0.108 ± 0.304 | −4.374 | 0.073 ± 0.205 | −4.374 |
HabitatEnd—Riffle | 1.000 | 0.245 ± 0.081 | −0.050 | 0.247 ± 0.081 | −0.050 | 0.114 | −0.184 ± 0.310 | 0.141 | −0.108 ± 0.183 | 0.141 |
July | 1.000 | −0.233 ± 0.053 | 0.007 | −0.194 ± 0.044 | 0.007 | |||||
August | 1.000 | −0.205 ± 0.051 | 0.016 | −0.178 ± 0.044 | 0.016 | |||||
October | 1.000 | −0.286 ± 0.057 | −0.002 | −0.215 ± 0.043 | −0.002 | |||||
November | 1.000 | −0.113 ± 0.063 | 0.004 | −0.074 ± 0.041 | 0.004 | |||||
December | 1.000 | −0.078 ± 0.086 | 0.013 | −0.035 ± 0.039 | 0.013 | |||||
February | 1.000 | −0.457 ± 0.105 | −0.007 | −0.167 ± 0.038 | −0.007 | |||||
Sex—Male | 1.000 | 0.100 ± 0.037 | −0.008 | 0.100 ± 0.037 | −0.008 | 0.183 | 0.036 ± 0.195 | 1.911 | 0.024 ± 0.132 | 1.911 |
Log(Fork Length) | 0.649 | 0.351 ± 0.195 | −0.011 | 0.067 ± 0.037 | −0.011 | 1.000 | 2.588 ± 1.079 | −0.173 | 0.316 ± 0.132 | −0.173 |
Log(DensityEnd) | 0.411 | −0.488 ± 0.465 | −0.556 | −0.058 ± 0.055 | −0.556 | 0.920 | −4.969 ± 2.336 | 0.042 | −0.377 ± 0.177 | 0.042 |
Log(DensityIni) | 0.323 | 0.301 ± 0.514 | −0.997 | 0.037 ± 0.063 | −0.997 | 0.419 | 3.602 ± 2.552 | 0.604 | 0.248 ± 0.175 | 0.604 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Aparicio, E.; Rocaspana, R.; Palau-Ibars, A.; Oromí, N.; Vinyoles, D.; Alcaraz, C. Individual Variation in Movement Behavior of Stream-Resident Mediterranean Brown Trout (Salmo trutta Complex). Fishes 2025, 10, 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070308
Aparicio E, Rocaspana R, Palau-Ibars A, Oromí N, Vinyoles D, Alcaraz C. Individual Variation in Movement Behavior of Stream-Resident Mediterranean Brown Trout (Salmo trutta Complex). Fishes. 2025; 10(7):308. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070308
Chicago/Turabian StyleAparicio, Enric, Rafel Rocaspana, Antoni Palau-Ibars, Neus Oromí, Dolors Vinyoles, and Carles Alcaraz. 2025. "Individual Variation in Movement Behavior of Stream-Resident Mediterranean Brown Trout (Salmo trutta Complex)" Fishes 10, no. 7: 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070308
APA StyleAparicio, E., Rocaspana, R., Palau-Ibars, A., Oromí, N., Vinyoles, D., & Alcaraz, C. (2025). Individual Variation in Movement Behavior of Stream-Resident Mediterranean Brown Trout (Salmo trutta Complex). Fishes, 10(7), 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070308