Release of Trace Elements from Bottom Ash from Hazardous Waste Incinerators
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material Characterization
2.2. Extractions/Leaching Test
2.3. Analysis and Quality Control
3. Results
3.1. Single Extractions
3.2. Acid Neutralization Capacity (ANC) and Trace Element Release at pH 4
4. Discussion
4.1. Potential Release of Trace Elements Based on Different Extractions/Leaching Test
4.2. Kinetics of Trace Element Release during Leaching Test at pH 4
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Bottom Ash | Unit | This Study [19] | [20] | [21] | [22] | [18] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hazardous Waste Incinerators | Industrial Wastes | Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators (MSWI) | Coal, Peat and Forest Residues | Hospital Medical Waste Incinerators | |||
Element | AS1 * | AS2 ** | |||||
Al | % | 6.06 ± 0.33 | 2.90 ± 0.12 | - | 6.4 | 1.22 | |
As | mg·kg−1 | 7 ± 1 | 77 ± 75 | 21.4 | 21 | 3.9 | |
Ca | % | 1.91 ± 0.02 | 3.85 ± 0.18 | 6.26 | 9.7 | - | |
Cd | mg·kg−1 | 1 ± 0.03 | 2 ± 0.1 | <0.3 | 14 | <3.0 | 7.54 |
Co | mg·kg−1 | 928 ± 23 | 63 ± 11 | 7.8 | 67 | 2.9 | |
Cr | mg·kg−1 | 573 ± 45 | 804 ± 185 | 50.6 | 1158 | 10.9 | 99.30 |
Cu | mg·kg−1 | 1126 ± 196 | 818 ± 188 | 33.5 | 7743 | 16.9 | |
Fe | % | 3.92 ± 0.15 | 23.82 ± 3.53 | - | 8.9 | 0.84 | |
K | mg·kg−1 | 3800 ± 200 | 2400 ± 2 | 2910 | 9000 | - | |
Mg | mg·kg−1 | 1900 ± 6 | 7900 ± 617 | 5850 | 15,000 | - | |
Mn | mg·kg−1 | 377 ± 3 | 3597 ± 259 | 1450 | 1000 | 425.0 | |
Mo | mg·kg−1 | 278 ± 7 | 42 ± 1 | 1.1 | 99 | <1.0 | |
Ni | mg·kg−1 | 1373 ± 77 | 233 ± 22 | 24.3 | 356 | 6.3 | |
P | mg·kg−1 | 2000 ± 47 | 1000 ± 41 | 3430 | 4000 | - | |
Pb | mg·kg−1 | 63 ± 4 | 817 ± 85 | 5.1 | 1022 | <3.0 | 143.80 |
S | mg·kg−1 | 1130 ± 56 | 3820 ± 348 | 1580 | 4950 | 59.4 | |
Zn | mg·kg−1 | 930 ± 2 | 1461 ± 291 | 340 | 7732 | 256.0 | 16,417.69 |
OC | % | 3.24 ± 0.01 | 0.95 ± 0.04 | - | <0.5 | ||
pH | 8.64 ± 0.05 | 9.40 ± 0.70 | - | ||||
Calcite | % | 1.0 | 3.6 | - | 0.5 | ||
Corundum | % | 6.9 | - | - | 4.5 | ||
Hematite | % | - | 7.2 | - | 1.9 | ||
Magnetite | % | 3.1 | 13.1 | - | 4.2 | ||
Mullite | % | 1.9 | - | - | |||
Quartz | % | 10.3 | 7.8 | 31.4 | |||
Rutile | % | - | 2.6 | 0.8 |
Element | Ammonium-EDTA 0.05 mol·L−1 (This Work) | Ammonium-EDTA 0.05 mol·L−1 (Certified Values) | Acetic Acid 0.43 mol·L−1 (This work) | Acetic Acid 0.43 mol·L−1 (Certified Values) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | 20.7 ± 0.7 | 20.4 ± 1.3 | 19.6 ± 0.5 | 18.3 ± 0.6 |
Cr | 37.6 ± 9.8 | 28.6 ± 2.6 | 26.3 ± 1.6 | 18.7 ± 1.0 |
Cu | 192 ± 7 | 215 ± 11 | 38.2 ± 1.2 | 33.5 ± 1.6 |
Ni | 24.2 ± 1.4 | 28.7 ± 1.7 | 25.5 ± 1.5 | 25.8 ± 1.0 |
Pb | 189 ± 17 | 229 ± 8 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.25 |
Zn | 529 ± 16 | 612 ± 19 | 659 ± 34 | 620 ± 24 |
Element | AS1 (%) | AS2 (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Major elements | ||||
EDTA | CH3COOH | EDTA | CH3COOH | |
Al | 0.2 | 4 | 1 | 20 |
Ca | 87 | 100 | 45 | 87 |
Fe | 1 | 7 | 0.1 | 2 |
K | 5 | 10 | 8 | 19 |
Mg | 25 | 47 | 7 | 50 |
Mn | 9 | 23 | 1 | 11 |
P | 13 | 13 | 5 | 12 |
S | 98 | 100 | 36 | 37 |
Trace elements | ||||
As | 14 | < 6 | 2 | < 0.5 |
Cd | 27 | 65 | < 3 | < 3 |
Co | 3 | 17 | 3 | 25 |
Cr | 0.6 | 3 | 0.2 | 4 |
Cu | 22 | 33 | 11 | 29 |
Mo | 10 | 6 | 10 | < 0.9 |
Ni | 2 | 15 | 3 | 27 |
Pb | 9 | < 1 | 31 | 42 |
Zn | 20 | 43 | 6 | 29 |
Heading | AS1 (%) | AS2 (%) |
---|---|---|
Major Elements | ||
Al | 0.1 | 0.4 |
Ca | 45 | 34 |
Fe | 0.3 | 0.02 |
K | 5 | 7 |
Mg | 14 | 14 |
Mn | 5 | 2 |
P | 0.03 | 0.04 |
S | 54 | 22 |
Trace Elements | ||
As | <1 | <1 |
Cd | <6 | <3 |
Co | 3 | 6 |
Cr | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Cu | 3 | 2 |
Mo | 1 | 0.3 |
Ni | 3 | 6 |
Pb | <0.2 | 1 |
Zn | 9 | 3 |
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Dung, T.T.T.; Vassilieva, E.; Swennen, R.; Cappuyns, V. Release of Trace Elements from Bottom Ash from Hazardous Waste Incinerators. Recycling 2018, 3, 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3030036
Dung TTT, Vassilieva E, Swennen R, Cappuyns V. Release of Trace Elements from Bottom Ash from Hazardous Waste Incinerators. Recycling. 2018; 3(3):36. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3030036
Chicago/Turabian StyleDung, Tran Thi Thu, Elvira Vassilieva, Rudy Swennen, and Valérie Cappuyns. 2018. "Release of Trace Elements from Bottom Ash from Hazardous Waste Incinerators" Recycling 3, no. 3: 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3030036