Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Principles of Green Chemistry and Raw Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Principles of “Green” Chemistry
- prevention of waste (chemical synthesis design that prevents waste rather than its disposal or utilization);
- maximum increase of components—“atom economy” (design of synthesis to maximize raw materials ratio in the final product with the least or no amount of waste);
- development of less dangerous chemical syntheses (generating and using substances with minimal or zero toxicity);
- design of safe chemicals and products (chemicals that are effective yet non-toxic);
- use of safe solvents and reaction conditions (minimize or exclude the use of solvents or other auxiliary chemicals, and if necessary—use the safest of them);
- increase energy efficiency (identify and minimize the consequences caused by using energy in chemical synthesis. Initiate chemical reactions at room temperature and pressure, if possible);
- use of renewable raw materials (sources of renewable raw materials are agricultural products or waste);
- avoidance of chemical derivatives (minimize or eliminate the use of blocking or protective groups or any temporary modifications, if possible);
- use of non-stoichiometric catalysts (minimization of waste by implementation of catalytic reactions, use of effective catalysts in small quantities that can promote the reaction repeatedly);
- design of degradable chemicals and products (non-persistent, which decompose into safe substances);
- real-time analysis of pollution (elimination or minimization of by-products through interfering with the process during synthesis);
- minimizing the possibility of accidents (such as releases, explosions and fires) through designing safer chemicals and their physical forms (solid, liquid or gaseous).
2.1. Prevention (Reducing) of Waste/by-Products
2.2. Maximum Inclusion of Reagents (Source Materials) in the Final Product
2.3. Prevention or Minimization of Harmful Products
2.4. Development of Safer Chemicals
2.5. Energy Requirements for the Chemical Synthesis
2.6. Selection of Proper Solvent
2.7. Selection of Proper Source Materials
2.8. The Use of Catalysts
2.9. Biodegradation of Obtained Products
2.10. Strengthening Analytical Methods for Controlling Harmful Compounds
2.11. Development of Production Units
3. Raw Materials for “Green” Chemistry
3.1. Transition to Renewable Raw Materials
3.2. Biological Components for “Green” Synthesis
3.2.1. Bacteria
3.2.2. Fungi
3.2.3. Yeast
3.2.4. Plants
3.3. Solvent-Based ”Green” Synthesis”
4. “Green” Synthesis and the Use of Magnetic Nanoparticles
4.1. Effect of Magnetic Nanoparticles on Environmental Restoration
4.2. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide (Magnetite) Nanoparticles and Their Application
4.3. ”Green” Synthesis of Magnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles
4.4. “Green” Synthesis of Spinel Magnetic Nanoparticles
5. “Green” Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
5.1. Silver Nanoparticles
5.2. Gold Nanoparticles
5.3. Platinum Nanoparticles
5.4. Palladium Nanoparticles
6. Future Perspectives
- (1)
- to create various chemical associations, organizations and institutes, whose missions will be studying of cleaner reactions, products and processes;
- (2)
- to promote “green” chemistry among universities and research laboratories in order to develop economically sustainable technologies for clean production;
- (3)
- to introduce methods of “green” synthesis of chemicals in industrial enterprises;
- (4)
- to train future scientists in universities, who in the future will solve regional and global environmental problems (nowadays, most industrial developments are related mainly to economic efficiency, rather than environmental friendliness of processes);
- (5)
- to ensure environmental protection at the legislative level;
- (6)
- to use innovative alternative methods of minimal production of undesired chemicals in order to preserve human health and reduce harmful effects on the environment, namely: use alternative (renewable) sources of raw materials; use less hazardous reagents; use alternative solvents (ionic liquids, water, etc.) during the synthesis of organic matter; use “green” catalysts that affect energy consumption and reduce the production of unwanted by-products and waste; minimize energy consumption at every stage of the industrial process.
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soltys, L.; Olkhovyy, O.; Tatarchuk, T.; Naushad, M. Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Principles of Green Chemistry and Raw Materials. Magnetochemistry 2021, 7, 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry7110145
Soltys L, Olkhovyy O, Tatarchuk T, Naushad M. Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Principles of Green Chemistry and Raw Materials. Magnetochemistry. 2021; 7(11):145. https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry7110145
Chicago/Turabian StyleSoltys, Liubov, Ostap Olkhovyy, Tetiana Tatarchuk, and Mu. Naushad. 2021. "Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Principles of Green Chemistry and Raw Materials" Magnetochemistry 7, no. 11: 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry7110145