Combined Use of TiO2 Nanoparticles and Biochar Produced from Moss (Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Ångstr.) Biomass for Chinese Spinach (Amaranthus dubius L.) Cultivation under Saline Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Experimental Materials
2.2. Biosynthesis of TiO2 NPs and Biochar Production
2.3. Experimental Design for Chinese Spinach Cultivation
2.4. Growth, Yield, and Biochemical Analyses
2.5. Analytical and Instrumental Methods
2.6. Data Analysis and Software
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics of Moss Biomass, Synthesized TiO2 NPs, and Biochar
3.1.1. Properties of Moss Biomass
3.1.2. Properties of Synthesized TiO2 NPs
3.1.3. Properties of Produced Biochar
3.2. Effect of TiO2 NPs and Biochar on Growth and Yield of A. dubius
3.3. Effect of TiO2 NPs and Biochar on Biochemical Response of A. dubius
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Moisture content (%) | 63.30 ± 2.04 |
Dry weight (%) | 36.70 ± 0.31 |
Crude protein (%) | 7.25 ± 0.07 |
Volatile matter (%) | 38.15 ± 1.78 |
Crude lipid (%) | 2.41 ± 0.04 |
Total ash (%) | 2.97 ± 0.02 |
Carbon (%) | 49.28 ± 2.60 |
Nitrogen (%) | 3.10 ± 0.04 |
Oxygen (%) | 28.05 ± 1.52 |
Parameters | Treatments | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 | |
Fresh weight (g/plant) | 31.10 ± 1.40 b | 34.05 ± 1.07 a | 32.51 ± 1.16 ab | 36.34 ± 2.07 a | 20.52 ± 2.25 d | 22.29 ± 1.09 cd | 24.09 ± 0.64 c | 30.81 ± 0.72 b |
Dry weight (g/plant) | 5.09 ± 0.15 bc | 5.23 ± 0.09 b | 5.16 ± 0.08 bc | 5.30 ± 0.06 a | 3.42 ± 0.10 e | 3.45 ± 0.03 de | 3.53 ± 0.07 d | 4.90 ± 0.14 c |
Shoot length (cm) | 30.57 ± 0.90 b | 33.42 ± 1.08 a | 30.90 ± 0.41 b | 33.04 ± 0.57 ab | 17.20 ± 1.01 f | 19.16 ± 0.35 e | 24.75 ± 0.81 d | 28.64 ± 1.30 c |
Root length (cm) | 14.10 ± 0.41 c | 15.36 ± 0.14 b | 14.28 ± 0.20 c | 16.09 ± 0.24 a | 7.53 ± 0.12 g | 8.10 ± 0.04 f | 11.03 ± 0.09 e | 12.54 ± 0.17 d |
Leaf number | 19.00 ± 0.56 c | 20.50 ± 0.42 b | 19.70 ± 0.28 c | 22.20 ± 0.35 a | 9.80 ± 0.49 g | 10.20 ± 0.50 fg | 15.40 ± 0.18 e | 17.50 ± 0.44 d |
Leaf area (cm2/plant) | 13.80 ± 0.35 c | 14.02 ± 0.12 b | 14.07 ± 0.15 b | 17.08 ± 0.07 a | 8.10 ± 0.14 g | 8.95 ± 0.26 f | 10.62 ± 0.31 e | 12.50 ± 0.20 d |
Parameters | Treatments | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 | |
Chlorophyll content (mg/g) | 2.49 ± 0.05 d | 2.53 ± 0.03 c | 2.94 ± 0.05 b | 3.25 ± 0.07 a | 1.13 ± 0.03 h | 1.39 ± 0.04 g | 1.87 ± 0.06 f | 2.36 ± 0.05 e |
Carotenoids (mg/g) | 3.36 ± 0.07 a | 3.42 ± 0.05 a | 3.40 ± 0.06 a | 3.49 ± 0.03 a | 2.02 ± 0.03 e | 2.23 ± 0.04 d | 2.68 ± 0.03 c | 2.85 ± 0.02 b |
Relative water content (%) | 87.01 ± 1.14 b | 88.69 ± 0.64 b | 89.05 ± 0.21 ab | 91.40 ± 0.70 a | 72.50 ± 1.63 e | 73.14 ± 0.19 e | 78.32 ± 0.24 d | 82.10 ± 0.86 c |
SOD (U/mg P) | 2.20 ± 0.03 e | 2.16 ± 0.02 ef | 2.12 ± 0.03 f | 2.04 ± 0.01 g | 4.05 ± 0.04 a | 3.50 ± 0.07 b | 2.98 ± 0.03 c | 2.47 ± 0.05 d |
POD (µmol/min/mg P) | 38.29 ± 0.58 e | 37.65 ± 0.19 f | 37.08 ± 0.35 fg | 36.59 ± 0.52 g | 58.72 ± 1.29 a | 51.84 ± 0.91 b | 48.01 ± 1.46 c | 40.03 ± 2.49 d |
CAT (µmol/min/mg P) | 1.90 ± 0.03 e | 1.82 ± 0.02 f | 1.84 ± 0.04 ef | 1.85 ± 0.02 ef | 5.84 ± 0.07 a | 5.10 ± 0.04 b | 4.26 ± 0.10 c | 2.93 ± 0.12 d |
APX (µmol/min/mg P) | 2.71 ± 0.05 e | 2.66 ± 0.07 ef | 2.64 ± 0.03 f | 2.56 ± 0.04 g | 7.45 ± 0.10 a | 6.57 ± 0.09 b | 4.74 ± 0.04 c | 3.10 ± 0.05 d |
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Širić, I.; Alhag, S.K.; Al-Shuraym, L.A.; Mioč, B.; Držaić, V.; Abou Fayssal, S.; Kumar, V.; Singh, J.; Kumar, P.; Singh, R.; et al. Combined Use of TiO2 Nanoparticles and Biochar Produced from Moss (Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Ångstr.) Biomass for Chinese Spinach (Amaranthus dubius L.) Cultivation under Saline Stress. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9091056
Širić I, Alhag SK, Al-Shuraym LA, Mioč B, Držaić V, Abou Fayssal S, Kumar V, Singh J, Kumar P, Singh R, et al. Combined Use of TiO2 Nanoparticles and Biochar Produced from Moss (Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Ångstr.) Biomass for Chinese Spinach (Amaranthus dubius L.) Cultivation under Saline Stress. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(9):1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9091056
Chicago/Turabian StyleŠirić, Ivan, Sadeq K. Alhag, Laila A. Al-Shuraym, Boro Mioč, Valentino Držaić, Sami Abou Fayssal, Vinod Kumar, Jogendra Singh, Piyush Kumar, Rattan Singh, and et al. 2023. "Combined Use of TiO2 Nanoparticles and Biochar Produced from Moss (Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Ångstr.) Biomass for Chinese Spinach (Amaranthus dubius L.) Cultivation under Saline Stress" Horticulturae 9, no. 9: 1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9091056