Early Growth Assessment of Lolium perenne L. as a Cover Crop for Management of Copper Accumulation in Galician Vineyard Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Selection and Sampling of Vineyard Soils
2.2. Soil Characterization
2.3. Total and Available Cu Content in Vineyard Soils
2.4. Plant Material and Pot Experiments
2.5. Determination of Cu in L. perenne Shoots
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. General Characterization of the Vineyard Soils
3.2. Total and Available Cu Content and Extraction Efficiency (ExEf) in Vineyard Soils
3.3. Biomass of L. perenne, Copper Content, and the Bioaccumulation Factor
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil | Sampling Area | D.O. | Municipality | Soil | Sampling Area | D.O. | Municipality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 M | VR | Monterrei | Vilardevós | 22 RS | VR | Ribeira Sacra | Sober |
2 RB | VS | Rías Baixas | Salvaterra de Miño | 23 M | VR | Monterrei | Verín |
3 RS | VR | Ribeira Sacra | A Pobra de Trives | 24 RS | VR | Ribeira Sacra | Parada de Sil |
4 M | VR | Monterrei | Monterrei | 25 RS | VR | Ribeira Sacra | A Teixeira |
5 M | VS | Monterrei | Oímbra | 26 V | VS | Valdeorras | Vilamartín de Valdeorras |
6 V | VR | Valdeorras | O Barco de Valdeorras | 27 RS | VS | Ribeira Sacra | Parada de Sil |
7 RS | VS | Ribeira Sacra | A Pobra de Trives | 28 RB | VR | Rías Baixas | Arbo |
8 RB | VR | Rías Baixas | Tomiño | 29 R | VR | Ribeiro | Sober |
9 RB | VS | Rías Baixas | Meis | 30 RS | VS | Ribeira Sacra | Sober |
10 V | VR | Valdeorras | Vilamartín de Valdeorras | 31 RS | VS | Ribeira Sacra | Sober |
11 V | VS | Valdeorras | Petín | 32 R | VS | Ribeiro | Beade |
12 R | VS | Ribeiro | Ribadavia | 33 RS | VS | Ribeira Sacra | Parada de Sil |
13 R | VR | Ribeiro | Ribadavia | 34 R | VR | Ribeiro | Arnoia |
14 R | VR | Ribeiro | Cenlle | 35 V | VS | Valdeorras | A Rúa |
15 V | VS | Valdeorras | Rubiá | 36 R | VR | Ribeiro | Toén |
16 V | VR | Valdeorras | Rubiá | 37 R | VR | Ribeiro | Toén |
17 V | VR | Valdeorras | Rubiá | 38 R | VS | Ribeiro | Sober |
18 RB | VS | Rías Baixas | Arbo | 39 V | VS | Valdeorras | Rubiá |
19 RS | VS | Ribeira Sacra | Sober | 40 V | VS | Valdeorras | Vilamartín de Valdeorras |
20 R | VR | Ribeiro | Sober | 41 R | VR | Ribeiro | Toén |
21 V | VS | Valdeorras | O Barco de Valdeorras | 42 R | VR | Ribeiro | Toén |
Soil | S.a. | pHH2O | pHKCl | C(%) | OM | N | C/N | DOC | DIC | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | K+ | Na+ | Al3+ | eCEC | Sand | Silt | Clay | Texture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | - | mg kg−1 | cmol(+) kg−1 | (%) | |||||||||||||||
1 M | VR | 5.35 | 3.31 | 2.62 | 4.52 | 0.21 | 12.61 | 20.36 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.44 | 0.57 | 0.05 | 2.27 | 3.38 | 33.06 | 49.94 | 17.01 | silt loam |
2 RB | VS | 7.37 | 5.42 | 4.48 | 7.72 | 0.27 | 16.77 | 26.20 | 0.79 | 13.48 | 1.40 | 0.79 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 15.75 | 46.54 | 35.87 | 17.59 | loam |
3 RS | VR | 6.37 | 4.03 | 1.62 | 2.79 | 0.12 | 13.07 | 25.16 | 0.40 | 0.26 | 0.56 | 0.62 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 1.83 | 69.68 | 16.57 | 13.74 | sandy loam |
4 M | VR | 6.46 | 4.18 | 1.07 | 1.84 | 0.08 | 12.63 | 16.12 | 0.50 | 0.18 | 0.70 | 0.44 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 1.38 | 72.99 | 14.27 | 12.75 | sandy loam |
5 M | VS | 4.86 | 2.94 | 1.73 | 2.98 | 0.13 | 13.31 | 27.85 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.06 | 1.69 | 3.37 | 72.09 | 15.06 | 12.85 | sandy loam |
6 V | VR | 8.02 | 7.32 | 2.84 | 4.90 | 0.37 | 7.70 | 28.58 | 11.47 | 18.00 | 0.76 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 19.18 | 44.82 | 36.10 | 19.08 | loam |
7 RS | VS | 5.76 | 3.75 | 2.54 | 4.38 | 0.20 | 12.68 | 35.29 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.44 | 0.59 | 0.04 | 1.34 | 2.54 | 69.68 | 16.57 | 13.74 | sandy loam |
8 RB | VR | 7.71 | 5.88 | 3.04 | 5.24 | 0.18 | 17.04 | 18.74 | 3.63 | 11.56 | 1.07 | 0.72 | 0.31 | 0.00 | 13.65 | 55.42 | 28.63 | 15.95 | sandy loam |
9 RB | VS | 6.87 | 4.69 | 3.78 | 6.52 | 0.29 | 13.27 | 14.92 | 0.51 | 7.64 | 1.15 | 0.96 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 9.87 | 64.65 | 19.03 | 16.32 | sandy loam |
10 V | VR | 5.45 | 2.96 | 1.30 | 2.24 | 0.11 | 11.91 | 17.70 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 1.05 | 0.03 | 0.89 | 2.48 | 32.52 | 52.00 | 15.49 | silt loam |
11 V | VS | 7.73 | 6.09 | 3.94 | 6.79 | 0.14 | 28.23 | 23.70 | 2.06 | 6.16 | 1.25 | 0.57 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 8.01 | 65.45 | 21.25 | 13.30 | sandy loam |
12 R | VS | 4.87 | 3.75 | 0.67 | 1.16 | 0.05 | 13.07 | 19.34 | 0.02 | 0.32 | 0.84 | 0.53 | 0.42 | 2.23 | 4.34 | 70.15 | 16.20 | 13.65 | sandy loam |
13 R | VR | 4.83 | 3.81 | 0.62 | 1.07 | 0.05 | 12.53 | 18.14 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.66 | 0.52 | 0.44 | 1.93 | 3.84 | 70.15 | 16.20 | 13.65 | sandy loam |
14 R | VR | 5.68 | 4.27 | 1.32 | 2.28 | 0.10 | 13.78 | 18.87 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.33 | 0.66 | 0.03 | 0.70 | 1.81 | 61.47 | 24.14 | 14.40 | sandy loam |
15 V | VS | 5.77 | 3.99 | 1.39 | 2.40 | 0.15 | 9.50 | 25.07 | 0.05 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.61 | 0.03 | 1.12 | 2.60 | 49.56 | 24.31 | 26.13 | sandy clay loam |
16 V | VR | 6.48 | 4.67 | 1.45 | 2.50 | 0.16 | 9.06 | 34.04 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 1.44 | 49.56 | 24.31 | 26.13 | sandy clay loam |
17 V | VR | 6.48 | 4.26 | 1.63 | 2.81 | 0.16 | 10.19 | 30.21 | 0.24 | 4.68 | 1.42 | 0.45 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 6.61 | 39.11 | 43.88 | 17.01 | loam |
18 RB | VS | 7.75 | 5.90 | 2.62 | 4.52 | 0.22 | 11.93 | 35.11 | 2.70 | 11.76 | 1.17 | 0.71 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 13.89 | 52.80 | 31.60 | 15.59 | sandy loam |
19 RS | VS | 5.70 | 4.93 | 3.82 | 6.59 | 0.24 | 15.62 | 115.21 | 0.47 | 4.95 | 2.58 | 0.84 | 0.01 | 0.33 | 8.38 | 61.49 | 26.47 | 12.04 | sandy loam |
20 R | VR | 5.55 | 5.33 | 1.96 | 3.38 | 0.17 | 13.10 | 54.36 | 1.93 | 4.77 | 1.66 | 0.94 | 0.01 | 0.34 | 7.38 | 62.16 | 23.10 | 14.74 | sandy loam |
21 V | VS | 7.78 | 6.47 | 1.74 | 3.00 | 0.14 | 12.57 | 34.53 | 6.91 | 12.64 | 0.76 | 0.55 | 0.04 | 0.64 | 14.62 | 53.30 | 32.06 | 14.64 | sandy loam |
22 RS | VR | 4.61 | 4.49 | 3.75 | 6.47 | 0.23 | 15.99 | 101.82 | 0.34 | 4.45 | 1.45 | 0.68 | 0.01 | 0.97 | 7.56 | 56.97 | 31.71 | 11.32 | sandy loam |
23 M | VR | 6.77 | 4.81 | 1.50 | 2.59 | 0.12 | 12.84 | 20.46 | 2.81 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.67 | 0.04 | 0.63 | 2.32 | 54.81 | 30.78 | 14.40 | sandy loam |
24 RS | VR | 6.19 | 4.63 | 2.97 | 5.12 | 0.21 | 14.15 | 35.18 | 1.33 | 7.20 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 8.35 | 68.25 | 17.84 | 13.91 | sandy loam |
25 RS | VR | 6.19 | 3.81 | 1.95 | 3.36 | 0.14 | 14.19 | 28.93 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.51 | 0.67 | 0.03 | 0.47 | 1.95 | 61.92 | 24.12 | 13.96 | sandy loam |
26 V | VS | 7.29 | 5.49 | 2.76 | 4.76 | 0.22 | 12.56 | 40.78 | 4.34 | 11.80 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 14.35 | 30.96 | 50.04 | 19.00 | silt loam |
27 RS | VS | 7.60 | 5.98 | 1.87 | 3.22 | 0.14 | 13.54 | 31.28 | 4.08 | 6.80 | 1.87 | 1.80 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 10.65 | 65.83 | 19.52 | 14.66 | sandy loam |
28 RB | VR | 6.47 | 4.08 | 0.90 | 1.55 | 0.10 | 9.50 | 20.18 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.66 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 1.20 | 35.17 | 47.55 | 17.28 | loam |
29 R | VR | 5.29 | 4.70 | 1.35 | 2.33 | 0.11 | 12.74 | 43.68 | 0.32 | 3.12 | 0.54 | 0.79 | 0.01 | 0.33 | 4.79 | 61.09 | 24.18 | 14.73 | sandy loam |
30 RS | VS | 5.94 | 5.59 | 5.22 | 9.00 | 0.33 | 15.61 | 127.07 | 6.58 | 13.96 | 2.53 | 0.96 | 0.01 | 0.33 | 17.79 | 56.97 | 31.71 | 11.32 | sandy loam |
31 RS | VS | 5.64 | 4.88 | 3.06 | 5.28 | 0.22 | 14.01 | 75.12 | 0.53 | 4.29 | 1.12 | 0.79 | 0.01 | 0.33 | 6.54 | 59.69 | 27.55 | 12.76 | sandy loam |
32 R | VS | 7.03 | 5.97 | 1.27 | 2.19 | 0.10 | 12.37 | 26.63 | 2.46 | 9.68 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 11.26 | 65.68 | 20.50 | 13.82 | sandy loam |
33 RS | VS | 6.26 | 4.10 | 3.59 | 6.19 | 0.25 | 14.44 | 37.39 | 0.61 | 6.40 | 1.21 | 0.78 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 8.43 | 68.25 | 17.84 | 13.91 | sandy loam |
34 R | VR | 6.29 | 4.28 | 1.05 | 1.81 | 0.08 | 12.65 | 6.72 | 0.29 | 0.20 | 0.32 | 0.43 | 0.05 | 0.32 | 1.31 | 64.53 | 20.51 | 14.96 | sandy loam |
35 V | VS | 5.96 | 3.39 | 1.09 | 1.88 | 0.11 | 9.59 | 22.85 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.45 | 0.80 | 0.04 | 0.48 | 1.98 | 61.45 | 24.60 | 13.95 | sandy loam |
36 R | VR | 6.10 | 3.57 | 1.10 | 1.90 | 0.09 | 12.51 | 20.50 | 0.92 | 0.22 | 0.69 | 0.71 | 0.05 | 0.92 | 2.59 | 70.15 | 16.20 | 13.65 | sandy loam |
37 R | VR | 4.85 | 3.79 | 1.45 | 2.50 | 0.13 | 11.23 | 18.69 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.54 | 0.03 | 1.25 | 2.12 | 47.95 | 37.67 | 14.37 | loam |
38 R | VS | 4.91 | 4.31 | 1.85 | 3.19 | 0.15 | 12.37 | 63.78 | 0.22 | 2.52 | 0.42 | 0.86 | 0.01 | 0.52 | 4.33 | 61.09 | 24.18 | 14.73 | sandy loam |
39 V | VS | 6.11 | 5.85 | 3.61 | 6.22 | 0.37 | 9.80 | 62.94 | 1.34 | 18.88 | 0.65 | 2.58 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 22.23 | 42.22 | 35.88 | 21.89 | clay loam |
40 V | VS | 6.01 | 3.89 | 2.06 | 3.55 | 0.09 | 22.81 | 18.72 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.88 | 0.62 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 1.92 | 57.14 | 29.42 | 13.44 | sandy clay loam |
41 R | VR | 5.00 | 4.00 | 2.20 | 3.79 | 0.16 | 13.63 | 30.21 | 0.42 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 0.56 | 0.03 | 0.61 | 1.75 | 42.78 | 43.17 | 14.05 | loam |
42 R | VR | 5.03 | 4.31 | 3.12 | 5.38 | 0.25 | 12.26 | 49.26 | 0.24 | 0.56 | 0.63 | 0.78 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 2.03 | 43.70 | 41.21 | 15.09 | loam |
Soil | Sampling Area | Total Cu | Available Cu | ExEf | Soil | Sampling Area | Total Cu | Available Cu | ExEf |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | (%) | mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | (%) | ||||
1 M | VR | 16.4 | 4.2 | 25.8 | 22 RS | VR | 129.4 | 4.3 | 3.3 |
2 RB | VS | 33.1 | 3.7 | 11.0 | 23 M | VR | 135.6 | 2.2 | 1.6 |
3 RS | VR | 34.2 | 2.0 | 5.7 | 24 RS | VR | 153.2 | 1.2 | 0.8 |
4 M | VR | 42.3 | 21.3 | 50.4 | 25 RS | VR | 164.3 | 19.4 | 11.8 |
5 M | VS | 44.5 | 2.4 | 5.3 | 26 V | VS | 166.9 | 1.4 | 0.8 |
6 V | VR | 49.3 | 3.2 | 6.5 | 27 RS | VS | 170.4 | 1.4 | 0.8 |
7 RS | VS | 60.7 | 2.8 | 4.6 | 28 RB | VR | 182.5 | 7.5 | 4.1 |
8 RB | VR | 64.3 | 7.5 | 11.6 | 29 R | VR | 187.6 | 8.3 | 4.4 |
9 RB | VS | 65.7 | 2.4 | 3.6 | 30 RS | VS | 192.3 | 8.1 | 4.2 |
10 V | VR | 66.8 | 23.7 | 35.5 | 31 RS | VS | 200.8 | 7.6 | 3.8 |
11 V | VS | 69.5 | 11.1 | 15.9 | 32 R | VS | 201.8 | 1.5 | 0.8 |
12 R | VS | 73.6 | 10.0 | 13.6 | 33 RS | VS | 204.0 | 3.4 | 1.6 |
13 R | VR | 74.6 | 3.2 | 4.3 | 34 R | VR | 204.0 | 24.0 | 11.8 |
14 R | VR | 82.4 | 6.7 | 8.1 | 35 V | VS | 216.0 | 13.7 | 6.4 |
15 V | VS | 104.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 36 R | VR | 219.4 | 15.2 | 7.0 |
16 V | VR | 109.2 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 37 R | VR | 229.8 | 4.2 | 1.8 |
17 V | VR | 114.0 | 12.0 | 10.5 | 38 R | VS | 230.8 | 11.5 | 5.0 |
18 RB | VS | 117.5 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 39 V | VS | 248.8 | 15.1 | 6.1 |
19 RS | VS | 117.7 | 7.8 | 6.7 | 40 V | VS | 268.4 | 18.7 | 7.0 |
20 R | VR | 122.2 | 18.2 | 14.9 | 41 R | VR | 285.5 | 7.6 | 2.7 |
21 V | VS | 126.7 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 42 R | VR | 292.9 | 8.0 | 2.7 |
SAMPLING AREA: VS | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pHH2O | pHKCl | C(%) | OM | N | C/N | DOC | DIC | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | K+ | Na+ | Al3+ | eCEC | Sand | Silt | Clay | Total Cu | Avail. Cu | ExEf | Bm | Cu a.p. | BF | |
Total Cu | −0.13 | 0.02 | −0.06 | −0.06 | −0.03 | −0.03 | 0.24 | −0.06 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.34 | −0.27 | −0.29 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.03 | −0.08 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Avail. Cu | −0.19 | −0.27 | −0.22 | −0.22 | −0.28 | 0.14 | −0.08 | −0.26 | −0.25 | −0.09 | 0.06 | −0.09 | −0.10 | −0.26 | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.19 | 0.25 | - | - | - | - | - |
ExEf | −0.08 | −0.26 | −0.15 | −0.15 | −0.22 | 0.11 | −0.23 | −0.18 | −0.23 | −0.10 | −0.13 | 0.04 | 0.10 | −0.23 | −0.06 | 0.12 | −0.14 | −0.41 | 0.63 | - | - | - | - |
Bm | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.56 | −0.01 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.53 | 0.27 | 0.36 | 0.03 | −0.25 | 0.54 | 0.03 | −0.02 | −0.02 | 0.13 | −0.31 | −0.30 | - | - | - |
Cu a.p. | −0.17 | −0.30 | −0.25 | −0.25 | −0.28 | −0.11 | −0.20 | −0.23 | −0.24 | −0.19 | −0.09 | 0.13 | 0.26 | −0.23 | −0.05 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.31 | 0.29 | −0.17 | - | - |
BF | 0.10 | 0.04 | −0.07 | −0.07 | 0.02 | −0.23 | −0.13 | 0.03 | 0.02 | −0.11 | −0.02 | −0.02 | 0.08 | 0.01 | −0.09 | −0.06 | 0.53 | −0.10 | −0.55 | −0.34 | 0.05 | −0.08 | - |
SAMPLING AREA: VR | |||||||||||||||||||||||
pHH2O | pHKCl | C(%) | OM | N | C/N | DOC | DIC | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | K+ | Na+ | Al3+ | eCEC | Sand | Silt | Clay | Total Cu | Avail. Cu | ExEf | Bm | Cu a.p. | BF | |
Total Cu | −0.23 | −0.03 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.04 | 0.23 | −0.10 | −0.04 | −0.08 | 0.28 | −0.27 | −0.29 | −0.06 | −0.11 | 0.16 | −0.10 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Avail. Cu | −0.18 | −0.27 | −0.22 | −0.22 | −0.27 | 0.14 | −0.07 | −0.25 | −0.24 | −0.09 | 0.06 | −0.09 | −0.10 | −0.26 | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.19 | 0.22 | - | - | - | - | - |
ExEf | −0.04 | −0.24 | −0.16 | −0.16 | −0.22 | 0.11 | −0.23 | −0.16 | −0.21 | −0.08 | −0.12 | 0.04 | 0.11 | −0.20 | −0.03 | 0.07 | −0.13 | −0.42 | 0.62 | - | - | - | - |
Bm | 0.21 | 0.33 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.57 | −0.02 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.36 | 0.02 | −0.28 | 0.49 | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.16 | −0.30 | −0.30 | - | - | - |
Cu a.p. | −0.13 | −0.28 | −0.26 | −0.26 | −0.29 | −0.11 | −0.20 | −0.22 | −0.22 | −0.17 | −0.09 | 0.14 | 0.26 | −0.20 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.30 | −0.18 | - | - |
BF | 0.13 | 0.05 | −0.08 | −0.08 | 0.01 | −0.22 | −0.13 | 0.04 | 0.04 | −0.09 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.08 | 0.03 | −0.06 | −0.09 | 0.53 | −0.13 | −0.55 | −0.32 | 0.03 | −0.07 | - |
Soils with total Cu contents below phytotoxic level (<100 mg kg−1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
pHH2O | pHKCl | C(%) | OM | N | C/N | DOC | DIC | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | K+ | Na+ | Al3+ | eCEC | Sand | Silt | Clay | Total Cu | Avail. Cu | ExEf | Bm | Cu a.p. | BF | |
Total Cu | −0.11 | 0.07 | −0.26 | −0.26 | −0.35 | 0.19 | −0.27 | −0.05 | −0.09 | −0.01 | 0.14 | 0.41 | −0.01 | −0.09 | 0.33 | −0.32 | −0.31 | 0.19 | −0.24 | −0.09 | −0.30 | −0.44 | |
Avail. Cu | −0.05 | −0.18 | −0.32 | −0.33 | −0.43 | 0.10 | −0.47 | −0.16 | −0.25 | −0.15 | 0.16 | −0.10 | −0.16 | −0.29 | −0.19 | 0.25 | −0.24 | 0.19 | 0.87 | −0.65 | 0.11 | −0.78 | |
ExEf | −0.05 | −0.23 | −0.25 | −0.25 | −0.30 | 0.00 | −0.44 | −0.17 | −0.27 | −0.18 | −0.02 | −0.21 | −0.08 | −0.31 | −0.27 | 0.32 | −0.13 | −0.24 | 0.87 | −0.62 | 0.37 | −0.53 | |
Bm | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.11 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.34 | 0.04 | −0.07 | −0.14 | 0.52 | 0.03 | −0.09 | 0.31 | −0.09 | −0.65 | −0.62 | −0.52 | 0.36 | |
Cu a.p. | −0.31 | −0.22 | −0.22 | −0.22 | −0.26 | −0.11 | −0.29 | −0.29 | −0.16 | 0.10 | −0.35 | 0.45 | 0.40 | −0.10 | −0.03 | 0.04 | −0.01 | −0.30 | 0.11 | 0.37 | −0.52 | 0.16 | |
BF | −0.21 | −0.20 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.30 | −0.25 | 0.14 | −0.16 | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.30 | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.07 | 0.21 | −0.44 | −0.78 | −0.53 | 0.36 | 0.16 | |
Soils with total Cu contents above phytotoxic level (>100 mg kg−1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
pHH2O | pHKCl | C(%) | OM | N | C/N | DOC | DIC | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | K+ | Na+ | Al3+ | eCEC | Sand | Silt | Clay | Total Cu | Avail. Cu | ExEf | Bm | Cu a.p. | BF | |
Total Cu | −0.40 | −0.31 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.22 | −0.13 | −0.25 | −0.14 | −0.33 | 0.20 | 0.09 | −0.06 | −0.15 | −0.04 | 0.15 | −0.26 | 0.34 | −0.02 | 0.24 | 0.17 | −0.40 | |
Avail. Cu | −0.27 | −0.36 | −0.15 | −0.15 | −0.18 | 0.20 | −0.08 | −0.34 | −0.25 | −0.09 | 0.03 | −0.07 | −0.01 | −0.24 | 0.18 | −0.12 | −0.20 | 0.34 | 0.90 | −0.19 | 0.08 | −0.59 | |
ExEf | −0.19 | −0.24 | −0.14 | −0.14 | −0.15 | 0.11 | 0.01 | −0.27 | −0.20 | 0.12 | −0.05 | −0.14 | −0.03 | −0.18 | 0.17 | −0.12 | −0.18 | −0.02 | 0.90 | −0.24 | −0.04 | −0.54 | |
Bm | 0.15 | 0.33 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.59 | −0.08 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.50 | 0.23 | 0.41 | 0.31 | −0.48 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.04 | −0.08 | 0.24 | −0.19 | −0.24 | −0.02 | −0.01 | |
Cu a.p. | 0.00 | −0.19 | −0.19 | −0.19 | −0.21 | −0.17 | −0.13 | 0.07 | −0.06 | −0.18 | −0.14 | 0.01 | 0.13 | −0.08 | 0.25 | −0.27 | −0.01 | 0.17 | 0.08 | −0.04 | −0.02 | 0.04 | |
BF | 0.23 | 0.10 | −0.14 | −0.14 | −0.05 | −0.26 | −0.21 | 0.10 | 0.04 | −0.13 | −0.05 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.03 | −0.06 | −0.15 | 0.56 | −0.40 | −0.59 | −0.54 | −0.01 | 0.04 |
Soils Sampled in Vineyard Rows (VR) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
PC | Eigenvalues | % Variance | ||
1 | 9.694 | 42.148 | ||
2 | 6.602 | 28.704 | ||
3 | 4.591 | 19.961 | ||
4 | 2.113 | 9.187 | ||
PC 1 | PC 2 | PC 3 | PC 4 | |
01 M | −0.996 | −1.236 | 1.575 | −2.04 |
03 RS | −1.088 | 0.709 | 0.088 | −1.138 |
04 M | −1.88 | −2.599 | 0.503 | −1.008 |
06 V | 6.897 | 0.597 | 3.817 | −0.17 |
08 RB | 3.803 | 2.62 | −0.558 | −2.253 |
10 V | −0.162 | −2.797 | −0.864 | −0.111 |
13 R | −2.284 | −0.959 | −1.835 | −0.988 |
14 R | −1.133 | −0.439 | −0.843 | −0.569 |
16 V | 0.444 | −1.362 | 1.669 | 0.488 |
17 V | 2.018 | −0.574 | 0.966 | 0.639 |
20 R | 0.929 | 1.467 | 0.339 | 1.837 |
22 RS | −0.869 | 4.436 | 2.025 | 0.986 |
23 M | −0.002 | 0.016 | −0.086 | −0.797 |
24 RS | −0.429 | 3.015 | 1.459 | −1.004 |
25 RS | −0.965 | 0.02 | −0.749 | 0.356 |
28 RB | 1.04 | −1.798 | −1.276 | 0.29 |
29 R | −0.385 | 0.525 | −1.048 | 1.197 |
34 R | −1.203 | −2.035 | −1.472 | 0.632 |
36 R | −2.298 | −1.131 | −1.351 | 1.14 |
37 R | −1.597 | −1.095 | −0.764 | 0.521 |
41 R | −0.681 | 0.199 | −0.723 | 0.715 |
42 R | 0.841 | 2.421 | −0.872 | 1.276 |
Soils sampled in vineyard strains (VS) | ||||
PC | Eigenvalues | % variance | ||
1 | 11.487 | 49.945 | ||
2 | 6.112 | 26.572 | ||
3 | 2.988 | 12.992 | ||
4 | 2.413 | 10.491 | ||
PC 1 | PC 2 | PC 3 | PC 4 | |
05 M | −3.78 | −1.518 | −0.729 | −1.402 |
07 RS | −2.631 | −1.589 | −0.893 | −0.893 |
09 RB | 0.659 | −1.654 | −1.645 | 0.38 |
11 V | 0.658 | 0.151 | 0.728 | −1.347 |
12 R | −5.53 | 2.082 | 0.442 | 0.96 |
15 V | −1.164 | 1.466 | −3.879 | −1.874 |
18 RB | 1.869 | −0.505 | −1.437 | 0.937 |
19 RS | 0.767 | −1.564 | 2.058 | −0.358 |
21 V | 1.563 | 1.015 | −1.037 | 0.877 |
26 V | 3.602 | 1.35 | −0.988 | 0.577 |
27 RS | 1.232 | −0.501 | −0.16 | 0.633 |
30 RS | 3.834 | −2.102 | 3.193 | 1.38 |
31 RS | 0.055 | −1.336 | 1.092 | −0.187 |
32 R | −0.153 | 0.567 | −0.544 | 1.561 |
33 RS | 0.246 | −2.295 | −0.033 | 0.28 |
35 V | −2.694 | 2.01 | 0.576 | −0.04 |
38 R | −1.743 | 1.399 | 1.421 | −0.157 |
39 V | 4.34 | 0.954 | 0.34 | 0.652 |
40 V | −1.13 | 2.069 | 1.494 | −1.979 |
Soil | Sampling Area | Biomass | Cu in Aerial Part | BF | Soil | Sampling Area | Biomass | Cu in Aerial Part | BF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | (%) | mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | (%) | ||||
1 M | VR | 0.769 ± 0.048 | 0.023 ± 0.002 | 0.55 | 22 RS | VR | 0.690 ± 0.004 | 0.011 ± 0.001 | 0.26 |
2 RB | VS | 0.731 ± 0.030 | 0.015 ± 0.001 | 0.41 | 23 M | VR | 0.679 ± 0.036 | 0.013 ± 0.001 | 0.59 |
3 RS | VR | 0.744 ± 0.010 | 0.009 ± 0.001 | 0.47 | 24 RS | VR | 0.831 ± 0.127 | 0.015 ± 0.001 | 1.27 |
4 M | VR | 0.621 ± 0.021 | 0.017 ± 0.004 | 0.08 | 25 RS | VR | 0.724 ± 0.099 | 0.013 ± 0.001 | 0.07 |
5 M | VS | 0.858 ± 0.078 | 0.011 ± 0.008 | 0.46 | 26 V | VS | 0.837 ± 0.017 | 0.015 ± 0.001 | 1.05 |
6 V | VR | 0.847 ± 0.048 | 0.009 ± 0.003 | 0.27 | 27 RS | VS | 0.859 ± 0.103 | 0.012 ± 0.001 | 0.85 |
7 RS | VS | 0.83 ± 0.103 | 0.008 ± 0.002 | 0.30 | 28 RB | VR | 0.778 ± 0.099 | 0.014 ± 0.001 | 0.18 |
8 RB | VR | 0.883 ± 0.077 | 0.013 ± 0.005 | 0.17 | 29 R | VR | 0.699 ± 0.103 | 0.012 ± 0.001 | 0.15 |
9 RB | VS | 0.847 ± 0.016 | 0.013 ± 0.003 | 0.55 | 30 RS | VS | 0.99 ± 0.166 | 0.015 ± 0.004 | 0.18 |
10 V | VR | 0.643 ± 0.042 | 0.014 ± 0.002 | 0.06 | 31 RS | VS | 0.979 ± 0.042 | 0.013 ± 0.001 | 0.17 |
11 V | VS | 0.788 ± 0.006 | 0.014 ± 0.001 | 0.12 | 32 R | VS | 0.922 ± 0.011 | 0.015 ± 0.001 | 1.00 |
12 R | VS | 0.695 ± 0.031 | 0.017 ± 0.001 | 0.17 | 33 RS | VS | 1.061 ± 0.053 | 0.012 ± 0.001 | 0.37 |
13 R | VR | 0.685 ± 0.053 | 0.016 ± 0.001 | 0.51 | 34 R | VR | 0.765 ± 0.019 | 0.019 ± 0.001 | 0.08 |
14 R | VR | 0.691 ± 0.012 | 0.013 ± 0.001 | 0.19 | 35 V | VS | 0.643 ± 0.046 | 0.019 ± 0.001 | 0.14 |
15 V | VS | 0.672 ± 0.052 | 0.012 ± 0.001 | 2.98 | 36 R | VR | 0.708 ± 0.037 | 0.025 ± 0.008 | 0.16 |
16 V | VR | 0.654 ± 0.019 | 0.016 ± 0.002 | 0.70 | 37 R | VR | 0.727 ± 0.073 | 0.016 ± 0.002 | 0.37 |
17 V | VR | 0.746 ± 0.027 | 0.013 ± 0.002 | 0.10 | 38 R | VS | 0.645 ± 0.057 | 0.017 ± 0.001 | 0.15 |
18 RB | VS | 0.855 ± 0.006 | 0.014 ± 0.001 | 0.60 | 39 V | VS | 0.957 ± 0.047 | 0.013 ± 0.003 | 0.09 |
19 RS | VS | 0.605 ± 0.227 | 0.012 ± 0.001 | 0.15 | 40 V | VS | 0.569 ± 0.038 | 0.011 ± 0.001 | 0.06 |
20 R | VR | 0.732 ± 0.009 | 0.014 ± 0.001 | 0.07 | 41 R | VR | 0.689 ± 0.087 | 0.013 ± 0.001 | 0.17 |
21 V | VS | 0.613 ± 0.049 | 0.012 ± 0.001 | 0.40 | 42 R | VR | 0.961 ± 0.002 | 0.012 ± 0.001 | 0.14 |
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Vázquez-Blanco, R.; Arias-Estévez, M.; Fernández-Calviño, D.; Arenas-Lago, D. Early Growth Assessment of Lolium perenne L. as a Cover Crop for Management of Copper Accumulation in Galician Vineyard Soils. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9091029
Vázquez-Blanco R, Arias-Estévez M, Fernández-Calviño D, Arenas-Lago D. Early Growth Assessment of Lolium perenne L. as a Cover Crop for Management of Copper Accumulation in Galician Vineyard Soils. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(9):1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9091029
Chicago/Turabian StyleVázquez-Blanco, Raquel, Manuel Arias-Estévez, David Fernández-Calviño, and Daniel Arenas-Lago. 2023. "Early Growth Assessment of Lolium perenne L. as a Cover Crop for Management of Copper Accumulation in Galician Vineyard Soils" Horticulturae 9, no. 9: 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9091029