A Status Review on the Importance of Mulberry (Morus spp.) and Prospects towards Its Cultivation in a Controlled Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Significance of Mulberry (Morus spp.)
2.1. Medicinal Value of Mulberry
2.2. Economic Impact of Mulberry
3. Alternative Farming Methods
3.1. Hydroponic System
3.2. Aquaponic System
3.3. Aeroponic System
3.4. Plants Adapted to Hydroponic, Aquaponic and Aeroponic Conditions
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Part | Health Benefits | Biological Compounds | References |
---|---|---|---|
Leaves | Anti-diabetic activity | 1-Deoxynojirimycin, Moranolin, 2-aryl-benzofuran | [46,47] |
Anticancer activity | Morin, Kuwanon S, 8-granilapigenin, ciclomulberrin, morusin, ciclomorusin, atalantoflavones, Kaempherol-3-O-glucoside (Astragalin) and derivates, Quercetin and derivates, Epicatechin, moracins, phenolic acids (gallic, protocatechuic, vanilinc, p-coumaric, ferulic), apigenin and derivates | [46,47,48,49,50,51,52] | |
Antioxidant activity | Quercitrin, rutin, Eriodictyol, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid | [47,48,49,50,53,54] | |
Hypolipidemic effect | 1-Deoxynojirimycin, Caffeic acid, Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside | [46,47,49] | |
Neuroprotective activity | γ-aminobutyric acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid | [46,48,49] | |
Anti-inflammatory effects | Chlorogenic acid, Caffeic acid | [47,49,50] | |
Anti-viral activity | Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, 1-Deoxynojirimycin | [46,47] | |
Cardio-protective | Mulberrofurans, Luteolins | [48,55] | |
Fruits | Anti-diabetic activity | Polysaccharides (FMAP, MFP, MFP-1, MFP-2, MP, PMF1, PMF2, PMF3, MFP3P, JS-MP-1) | [47] |
Anticancer activity | Vanillic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid protocatechuic acid, gallic acid | [49,51,56] | |
Antioxidant activity | Isoquercitrin, rutin, phenolic acids (gallic, chlorogenic, phloridzin, citric, malic, tartaric, lactic, succinic, fumaric, acetic), anthocians (Cyanidin-3-O-β-D-glucopiranoside, Cyanidin 3-β-D-glucopyranoside, Cyanidin-7-O- β-D-glucopyranoside, Cyanidin-3-O-(6′′-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside), Cyanidin-3-O-(6′’-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-galactopyranoside), catechins | [47,48,49,50,51,56,57,58] | |
Neuroprotective | Quercetin and derivates, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, Cyanidin-3-O-β-D-glucopiranoside | [46,49,56,57] | |
Anti-inflammatory effects | Chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, Caffeic acid, Protocatechuic acid, o-coumaric acid | [47,49,56,57] | |
Root bark | Anti-diabetic activity | 1-Deoxynojirimycin | [56] |
Anticancer activity | Morusin, oxyhidromorusin, moracins, Glycoside,5,2′Dihidroxyflavone-7, 4′-di-O-D-glucoside | [46,47,56] | |
Antioxidant activity | Mulberroside A, Mulberoside C | [47,59] | |
Neuroprotective and hepatoprotective activities | Sanggenones (B, D, E, G, M, O, T) | [56] | |
Anti-inflammatory effects | Mulberrofurans, Morusin, oxyhidromorusin, sanggenones | [47,56] | |
Anti-viral activity | Leachianone G, 1-Deoxynojirimycin, Eudraflavone B hydroperoxide, α-acetyl-amyrin | [46,47,60] | |
Anti-bacterial effect | Kuwanones (G, H, M, L, O) | [47] | |
Anti-hypertensive effect | Moracenin A, Moracenin C, Moracenin D | [56] |
Type of the Crop | Examples | Hydroponic Culture | Aquaponic Culture | Aeroponic Culture | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fruits | strawberries, melons | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [116,117,118,119,120] |
Vegetables | tomatoes, spinach, lettuce, green beans, bell peppers, cucumbers, eggplants, celery, potatoes | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [118,120,121] |
Spices | basil, parsley, mint, coriander, ginger, echinacea, licorice | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [84,121,122] |
Cereals | rice, maize, sorghum, oats, wheat | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [84,123,124,125] |
Woody plants | Coffee tree, bamboo, mangrove tree | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [126] |
Mulberry | ✓ | [87] | |||
Othe plants | Indian aloe, roses, philodendron, Cineraria | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [84,123,126,127,128] |
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Baciu, E.-D.; Baci, G.-M.; Moise, A.R.; Dezmirean, D.S. A Status Review on the Importance of Mulberry (Morus spp.) and Prospects towards Its Cultivation in a Controlled Environment. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040444
Baciu E-D, Baci G-M, Moise AR, Dezmirean DS. A Status Review on the Importance of Mulberry (Morus spp.) and Prospects towards Its Cultivation in a Controlled Environment. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(4):444. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040444
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaciu, Ecaterina-Daniela, Gabriela-Maria Baci, Adela Ramona Moise, and Daniel Severus Dezmirean. 2023. "A Status Review on the Importance of Mulberry (Morus spp.) and Prospects towards Its Cultivation in a Controlled Environment" Horticulturae 9, no. 4: 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040444