Basic Substances and Potential Basic Substances: Key Compounds for a Sustainable Management of Seedborne Pathogens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods for Seed Treatment
2.1. Seed Immersion
2.2. Seed Dressing and Coating
3. Seed Treatment with Approved Basic Substances
3.1. Activity of Approved Basic Substances against Fungi and Oomycetes
3.2. Activity of Approved Basic Substances against Bacteria
4. Seed Treatment with Potential Basic Substances against Pathogens
4.1. Activity of Potential Basic Substances against Fungi and Oomycetes
4.2. Activity of Potential Basic Substances against Bacteria
Potential Basic Substances—Bacteria | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop | Target Disease/Pathogen | Substance (Concentration) | Application | Effectiveness (Disease/Symptoms Reduction) | Possible Phytotoxicity | Activity/Defense Response | Reference |
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) | Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis 1 | Cinnamomum zeylanicum EO (0.4% v/v) | Immersion | 25% | Germination reduced by 1–2% | Bactericidal activity | [67] |
Origanum vulgare EO 0.4% (v/v) | Immersion | 100% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | ||||
C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis 1 | O. onites HE (15 mg mL−1) | Immersion | 75% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | Different extracts increased seed germination and plant height | [62] | |
Xanthomonas axonopodies pv. vesicatoria 1 | O. onites CE (20 mg mL−1) | 76.91% | |||||
X. campestris pv. zinniae 1 | O. onites chloroform extract (15 mg mL−1) | 74.22% | |||||
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato 1 (Pst) | Zingiber officinale AE | Immersion | 100% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | [63] | ||
O. vulgare L. AE (Istanbul thyme and Izmir thyme) | 100% | ||||||
Eucalyptus camaldulensis AE | 98% (incidence) 97% (severity) | ||||||
Allium sativum AE | 99% (incidence) 57% (severity) | ||||||
Coriandrum sativum extracts | Up to 63% (incidence) | ||||||
Soybean (Glycine max) | P. savastanoi pv. glycinea B076 1 | Thymus vulgaris EO (1.76 mg mL−1) | 24.05% | Seed germination increasing | Increasing seed germination | [64] | |
P. syringae M7-C1 1 | 29.76% | ||||||
Rice (Oryza sativa) | Burkholderia glumae 1 | S. aromaticum EO Cymbopogon nardus | 50% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | [65] | ||
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) | C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis 1 | Cistus ladaniferus subsp. ladanifer EO | Immersion for 1 h | Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC): 0.78 mg mL−1 | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | Bacterial growth inhibition | [66] |
Cistus ladaniferus subsp. ladanifer ME | Seed germination increasing | ||||||
Mentha suaveolens EO | Rate of seed germination equal to the control |
4.3. Activity of Potential Basic Substances against Viruses and Phytoplasma
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Basic Substances—Fungi and Oomycetes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop | Disease/Pathogen | Substance (Concentration) | Application | Effectiveness | Possible Phytotoxicity | Activity/Defense Response | Reference |
Green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) | Rhizoctonia solani 1,* | Chitosan (1 g L−1) | Immersion | 54.4% | Data not available | [31] | |
Fusarium solani 1,* | Chitosan (1 g L−1) | Immersion | 52.6% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | |||
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) | Fusarium solani 1,* | Chitosan (2 g L−1) | Immersion | 87.5% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | Radicle length improvement | [32] |
Pearl millet (Pennisteum glaucum) | Magnaporthe grisea 2 | Chitosan (0.5 g L−1) | Immersion | 4.7%–26.9% | Data not available | [33] | |
Spelt (Triticum spelta) | F. culmorum 2 | Chitosan (1.5 g L−1) | Immersion | 50.0% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | Seed germination increasing | [34] |
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) | Aspergillus niger 2,* | Chitosan (1 g L−1) + Trichoderma spores | Immersion | 51.8% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | [28] | |
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) | Macrophomina phaseolina 2,* | Immersion | 15.7% | ||||
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) | Phytophthora capsici 1,* | Chitosan (500 ppm) | Immersion | 85.0% | Increased seed germination | Seedling shoot and root growth increasing | [35] |
Durum wheat (Triticum durum) | Fusarium foot rot F. graminearum 1,2 | Chitosan (0.5% v/v) | Immersion | In field 1: 36% In field 2: 56% In greenhouse 2: 38% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | Phenolic content increasing and defense-related enzyme activation | [20] |
Common wheat (Triticum aestivum) | F. culmorum 2 | White mustard meal (15 g mustard + 45 mL H2O per kg) | Wet and dry seed dressing | In vitro: 67% In field: 43%–78% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | Plant development stimulation: improving grain quality and wheat plant growth | [36] |
Pine (Pinus radiata) | F. circinatum 2 | Hydrogen peroxide (33% w/v) | Immersion | 98.2% | Seedling emergence reduction | [37] | |
Carrot (Daucus carota) | Alternaria radicina 1 | Hydrogen peroxide stabilized with silver ions (0.025%) | Immersion | 43.2% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | [38] | |
White lupin (Lupinus albus) | Colletotrichum lupini 1 | Vinegar (5% acetic acid) | Immersion for 30 min | 16.9% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | [39] |
Basic Substances—Bacteria | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop | Disease/Pathogen | Substance (Concentration) | Application | Effectiveness (Disease/Symptoms Reduction) | Possible Phytotoxicity | Activity/Defense Response | Reference |
Lettuce (Lactuva sativa) | Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians 2 | Hydrogen peroxide (3% w/v) | Immersion | 100% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | Direct antibacterial activity | [40] |
Hydrogen peroxide (5% w/v) | Significant reductions in germination | ||||||
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) | Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 1 | Hydrogen peroxide (10%; 20% w/v) | Immersion | Depending on the concentration up to 100% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | Direct antibacterial activity | [41] |
Potential Basic Substances—Fungi and Oomycetes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop | Target Disease/Pathogen | Substance (Concentration) | Application | Effectiveness (Disease/Symptoms Reduction) | Possible Phytotoxicity | Activity/Defense Response | Reference |
Durum wheat (Triticum durum) | Common bunt/Tilletia laevis * | Syzygium aromaticum EO (0.3% v/v) | Immersion for 10 min | From 30% to 90% | Seed germination reduction | Reduction in pathogen incidence | [47] |
S. aromaticum formulation (2.5% v/v) | From 40% to 100% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | |||||
S. aromaticum EO (1% v/v) | Coating | From 30% to 82% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | ||||
S. aromaticum formulation (5% v/v) | Coating | From 30% to 85% | |||||
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) | Fusarium equiseti 2; F. culmorum 2; F. poae 2; F. avenaceum 2 | S. aromaticum EO 5 × 103 ppm | Immersion for 8 min | 100% | Total inhibition of seed germination | Inhibition of pathogen development | [46] |
Alternaria spp. Fusarium spp. Drechslera spp. | Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris and Coriandrum sativum Eos | Vapour | 50% | Inhibition of seed germination at 0.4% (thyme and oregano EO) | Inhibition of deoxynivalenol (DON) occurrence | [50] | |
Aspergillus spp. Fusarium spp. 1,2 | Ozone (60 mg L−1) | Ozonation for 300 min | 54.3% | – | [51] | ||
Pea Pisum sativum | Ascochyta blight fungal complex (Dydimella pinodes, D. pinodella, D. pisi) 2 | S. aromaticum- based formulation (0.2% v/v) | Immersion for 10 and 20 min | From 68% to 71% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control but in field an excessive handling after imbibition could damage seeds | In vivo: reduction in seed infection percentage In field: seedling protection and established plants enhancement | [22] |
Thymus vulgaris EO (0.2% v/v) | 86% | ||||||
Melaleuca alternifolia EO (2% v/v) | 71.5% | ||||||
S. aromaticum- based formulation (0.4% v/v) + pinolene | Seed coating | From 6% to 80% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | ||||
T. vulgaris EO (0.3% v/v) + pinolene | 53% | ||||||
M. alternifolia EO (2% v/v) + pinolene | 5% | ||||||
Maize (Zea mays) | F. verticillioides 2 | Jacaranda mimosifolia WE (0.6% v/v) | Immersion for 1 h | Pot experiment: 75% Field experiment: 64% | – | Induction of defense-related enzymes | [52] |
F. equiseti 2; F. culmorum 2; F. poae 2; F. avenaceum 2 | S. aromaticum EO (5 × 104 ppm) | Immersion for 8 min | Total inhibition of seed germination | Inhibition of pathogen development | [46] | ||
Aspergillus spp. 2 | Ozone (60 mg L−1) | Ozonation for 480 min | 99.7% | – | Aflatoxins and microbial contamination reduction | [53] | |
Fusarium spp. 2 | 99.9% | ||||||
Aspergillus spp. 1 | Ozone (2.14 mg L−1) | Ozonation for 50 h | 78.5% | – | Pathogen incidence reduction | [54] | |
Penicillium spp. 1 | 98.0% | ||||||
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) | Fusarium wilt F. oxysporum * | Artemisia absinthium EO (0.5 mg mL−1) | Seed coating | Reduction in disease symptoms. | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | Induction of a long-term response (ROS production and callose deposition) | [55] |
Eucalyptus grandis EO (6% v/v) | Immersion | 73.0% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | [48] | |||
Cuminum cyminum EO (6% v/v) | 53.1% | ||||||
Citrus sinensis EO (6% v/v) | 84.3% | ||||||
F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici * | Origanum vulgare EO 1200 μg mL−1 | Immersion | 52.0% | No phytotoxicity | Reduction in percentage disease severity and incidence | [49] | |
Squash (Cucurbita maxima) | Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum 1 and seven other fungal species | Cymbopogon citratus EO and six other essential oils. (0.5 mg mL−1) | Immersion for 6 h | From 67% to 84.4% | Seedling emergence increasing | [56] | |
Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) | Anthracnose/ Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 2 | Ocimum gratissimum EO (80 mg kg−1) | Immersion | Anthracnose symptoms reduction of 73.9% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | [57] | |
S. aromaticum EO (80 mg kg−1) | Anthracnose symptoms reduction of 65.5% | ||||||
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) | Cladosporium sp. 1 | Eugenia caryophyllus EO (500 µL L−1) | 86.0% | Seed germination reduction | [58] | ||
Alternaria sp. 1 | 70.0% | ||||||
Cladosporium sp. 1 | Cymbopogon citratus EO (500 µL L−1) | 98.0% | |||||
Alternaria sp. 1 | 85.0% | ||||||
Cladosporium sp. 1 | Rosmarinus officinalis EO (500 µL L−1) | 33.0% | |||||
Alternaria sp. 1 | 7.5% | ||||||
Onion (Allium cepa) | A. alternata 1 | Abies alba EO (0.2 µL cm−3) | Immersion for 6 h | 10.4% | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | [59] | |
Botrytis allii 1 | 80.5% | ||||||
B. cinerea 1 | 76.9% | ||||||
Cladosporium spp. 1 | 28.5% | ||||||
Fusarium spp. 1 | 84.2% | ||||||
A. alternata 1 | Pinus sylvestris EO (0.2 µL cm−3) | Immersion for 6 h | 16.3% | ||||
Botrytis allii 1 | 55.5% | ||||||
B. cinerea 1 | 88.4% | ||||||
Cladosporium spp. 1 | 7.1% | ||||||
Fusarium spp. 1 | 84.2% | ||||||
A. alternata 1 | T. vulgaris EO (0.2 µL cm−3) | Immersion for 6 h | 10.4% | ||||
Botrytis allii 1 | 80.5% | ||||||
B. cinerea 1 | 100% | ||||||
Cladosporium spp. 1 | 35.7% | ||||||
Fusarium spp. 1 | 94.7% | ||||||
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) | Plasmopara halstedii 1 | Nigella sativa EO (0.6%) | Spray | Decrease in sporangium quantity 70.1% | – | [60] | |
Sambucus nigra EO (0.6%) | 87.3% | ||||||
Hypericum perforatum EO (0.6%) | 90.5% | ||||||
Allium sativum EO (0.6%) | 90.0% | ||||||
Vitis vinifera EO (0.6%) | 91.2% | ||||||
Zingiber officinale EO (0.6%) | 90.2% |
Potential Basic Substances—Viruses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop | Target Disease/ Pathogen | Substance (Concentration) | Application | Effectiveness (Disease/Symptoms Reduction) | Possible Phytotoxicity | Activity/Defense Response | Reference |
Pepper (Capsicum annum) | Pepper mild mottle virus (PMoV) 1 | Ozone (20 ppm) | Ozonation for 14 h | Inactivation of the seedborne virus; however, at high seed contamination levels, this treatment was insufficient to prevent infection | Rate of seed germination equal to the control | [68] |
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Orzali, L.; Allagui, M.B.; Chaves-Lopez, C.; Molina-Hernandez, J.B.; Moumni, M.; Mezzalama, M.; Romanazzi, G. Basic Substances and Potential Basic Substances: Key Compounds for a Sustainable Management of Seedborne Pathogens. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111220
Orzali L, Allagui MB, Chaves-Lopez C, Molina-Hernandez JB, Moumni M, Mezzalama M, Romanazzi G. Basic Substances and Potential Basic Substances: Key Compounds for a Sustainable Management of Seedborne Pathogens. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(11):1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111220
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrzali, Laura, Mohamed Bechir Allagui, Clemencia Chaves-Lopez, Junior Bernardo Molina-Hernandez, Marwa Moumni, Monica Mezzalama, and Gianfranco Romanazzi. 2023. "Basic Substances and Potential Basic Substances: Key Compounds for a Sustainable Management of Seedborne Pathogens" Horticulturae 9, no. 11: 1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111220