Bark Extract of Uncaria tomentosa L. for the Control of Strawberry Phytopathogens †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Reagents
2.2. Phytopathogens Isolates
2.3. Preparation of Bark Extracts, Chitosan Oligomers, and Conjugate Complexes
2.4. Characterization Procedures
2.5. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity
2.6. Postharvest Protection Studies
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cat’s Claw Bark Infrared Spectrum
3.2. Cat’s Claw Extract Constituents
3.3. Antimicrobial Activity
3.4. Postharvest Protection of Strawberry Fruits from Infection by B. cinerea
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison of In Vitro Activity
4.1.1. Comparison with Other Natural Compounds
4.1.2. Comparison with Conventional Fungicides
4.2. Comparison of Effectiveness of Postharvest Treatment
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wavenumber (cm−1) | Assignment |
---|---|
3185 | Bonded O‒H stretching (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) |
2922 | –CH2 asymmetric stretching of alkyls (cutine, wax, pectin) |
2362 | CN (alkaloids) |
2343 | C−H stretching |
1653 | O−H−O scissors-bending/C=N/amide |
1560 | aromatic C−H stretching/COO− symmetric stretching (esters) |
1520 | Aromatic skeletal |
1394 | C−H bending |
1258 | Guaiacyl units |
1046 | C–O−H stretching/C–O deformation/O−H out-of-plane bending |
992 | CH2 groups in cellulose |
924 | β-Glycosidic linkages (glucose units of cellulose chains) |
870 | Aromatic C−H stretching/methyl double bonds |
817 | C–C−H deformation |
764 | COO− deformation (esters)/C−H aromatics |
Pathogen | COS | U. tomentosa | Octyl Isobutyrate | COS− U. tomentosa | COS−Octyl Isobutyrate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EC50 | EC90 | EC50 | EC90 | EC50 | EC90 | EC50 | EC90 | EC50 | EC90 | |
B. cinerea | 236.2 | 1426.3 | 185.7 | 482.3 | 153.6 | 322.3 | 40.2 | 82.3 | 76.7 | 159.1 |
P. cactorum | 200.8 | 592.8 | 103.3 | 162.8 | 91.5 | 171.9 | 29.2 | 38.3 | 73.6 | 89.3 |
V. dahliae | 601.7 | 1321.2 | 185.7 | 482.3 | 142.4 | 471.2 | 32.0 | 87.5 | 116.5 | 248.9 |
Pathogen | COS–U. tomentosa | COS–Octyl Isobutyrate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
EC50 | EC90 | EC50 | EC90 | |
B. cinerea | 5.17 | 8.76 | 2.43 | 3.30 |
P. cactorum | 4.67 | 6.67 | 1.71 | 2.98 |
V. dahliae | 8.87 | 8.08 | 1.38 | 1.92 |
Commercial Fungicide | Pathogen | Radial Growth of Mycelium (mm) | Inhibition (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rd/10 | Rd * | Rd × 10 | Rd/10 | Rd * | Rd × 10 | ||
Azoxystrobin | B. cinerea | 12 | 51 | 0 | 84 | 32 | 100 |
P. cactorum | 6 | 0 | 0 | 92 | 100 | 100 | |
V. dahliae | 26 | 24 | 0 | 65.3 | 68 | 100 | |
Mancozeb | B. cinerea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
P. cactorum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
V. dahliae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Metalaxyl | B. cinerea | 45 | 21 | 0 | 40 | 72 | 100 |
P. cactorum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
V. dahliae | 41 | 36 | 0 | 45.3 | 52 | 100 | |
Fosetyl-Al | B. cinerea | 38 | 0 | 0 | 49.3 | 100 | 100 |
P. cactorum | 64 | 0 | 0 | 14.7 | 100 | 100 | |
V. dahliae | 36 | 0 | 0 | 52 | 100 | 100 |
Coating | Severity (0−5) |
---|---|
Distilled water (control) | 4.4 ± 0.7 a |
COS−U. tomentosa 100 µg·mL−1 | 3.5 ± 0.8 b |
COS−U. tomentosa 500 µg·mL−1 | 1.7 ± 0.8 c |
COS−U. tomentosa 1000 µg·mL−1 | 0.5 ± 0.5 d |
Pathogen | Natural Product | Effective Concentration/MIC (µg·mL−1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
B. cinerea | U. tomentosa bark extract COS−U. tomentosa | MIC = 375 MIC = 93.75 | This work |
Pimenta dioica PE Cinnamomum cassia PE Laurus nobilis PE | MIC = 2200 MIC = 600 MIC = 3000 | [46] | |
Syzygium aromaticum PE S. aromaticum EO L. nobilis PE L. nobilis EO Rosmarinus officinalis PE R. officinalis EO | MIC = 600 MIC = 1200 MIC > 2000 MIC > 2000 MIC > 2000 MIC > 2000 | [47] | |
Anabaena sp. Ecklonia sp. Jania sp. | MIC = 2500 MIC = 5000 MIC = 10,000 | [48] | |
Achillea millefolium Allium sativum Artemisia dracunculus Hyssopus officinalis Mentha sp. R. officinalis Satureja hortensis Tagetes patula Valeriana officinalis | MIC > 20,000 MIC = 20,000 MIC > 20,000 MIC < 5000 MIC = 20,000 MIC > 20,000 MIC = 10,000 MIC > 20,000 MIC > 20,000 | [49] | |
Origanum vulgare EO Thymus capitatus EO O. dictamnus EO O. majorana EO Lavandula angustifolia EO R. officinalis EO Salvia fruticosa EO M. pulegium EO | EC50 = 50 EC50 = 83 EC50 = 67 EC50 = 143 EC50 = 223 EC50 = 606 EC50 ≤ 1000 EC50 = 216 | [42] | |
Micromeria nervosa PE Origanum syriacum PE Inula viscosa PE Plumbago maritime PE | MIC = 500 MIC = 60 MIC > 2 × 106 MIC = 1 × 106 | [41] | |
O. heracleoticum PE Salvia officinalis PE R. officinalis PE | MIC > 5 × 105 MIC > 5 × 105 MIC > 5 × 105 | [50] | |
Pinus sylvestris bark P. abies bark | MIC = 20,000 MIC = 20,000 | [51] | |
Liquidambar orientalis PE Myrtus communis PE | MIC > 4 × 105 MIC = 400 | [52] | |
P. cactorum | U. tomentosa bark extract COS−U. tomentosa | MIC = 187.5 MIC = 39.05 | This work |
Allium-based extract | MIC = 100 | [44] | |
O. heracleoticum PE S. officinalis PE R. officinalis PE | MIC > 5 × 105 MIC > 5 × 105 MIC > 5 × 105 | [50] | |
P. sylvestris bark P. abies bark | MIC = 100 MIC = 100 | [51] | |
T. serpyllum EO | EC50 = 20.45 | [43] | |
Eucalyptus citriodora EO Melaleuca quinquenervia EO Leptospermum pertersonii EO | MIC > 28,000 MIC > 28,000 MIC = 28,000 | [53] | |
Polylepis. racemosa EO Junierus oxycedrus EO Cymbopogon nardus EO Pelargonium graveolens EO Cuminum cyminum EO Myrristica fragrans EO C. martini EO M. pulegium EO M. spicata EO T. vulgaris EO | MIC > 28,000 MIC > 28,000 MIC > 28,000 MIC = 28,000 MIC > 28,000 MIC > 28,000 MIC = 28,000 n.a. n.a. MIC = 14,000 | [54] | |
V. dahliae | U. tomentosa bark extract COS−U. tomentosa | MIC = 500 MIC = 93.75 | This work |
O. heracleoticum PE S. officinalis PE R. officinalis PE | MIC > 5 × 105 MIC > 5 × 105 MIC > 5 × 105 | [50] | |
Propolis | MIC > 60,000 | [55] | |
M. piperita EO/PE T. vulgaris EO/PE Lavandula angustufolia EO/PE | MIC = 16 / > 1 × 105 MIC = 8 / > 1 × 105 MIC = 32 / > 1 × 105 | [45] |
Synthetic Fungicide | Pathogen | Provenance of Isolate | Effective Concentration/MIC (µg·mL−1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Azoxystrobin | B. cinerea | Strawberry | EC50 ≥ 100 | [56] |
EC50 ≥ 71.9 | [57] | |||
Grapevine | EC50 ≥ 50 | [58] | ||
P. cactorum | Strawberry | MIC ≥ 100 | [59] | |
V. dahliae | Avocado tree | MIC ≥ 40,000 | [60] | |
Olive tree | MIC = 1000 | [61] | ||
Pepper | EC50= 71.95 | [62] | ||
Mancozeb | P. cactorum | Apple tree | MIC = 100 | [63] |
Strawberry | MIC = 100 | [59] | ||
Metalaxyl | P. cactorum | Apple tree | MIC = 50 | [63] |
Peach tree | MIC = 1 × 105 | [64] | ||
Strawberry | MIC = 100 | [59] | ||
Fosetyl-Al | P. cactorum | Apple tree | MIC = 1000 | [63] |
Peach tree | MIC = 1.5 × 106 | [64] | ||
V. dahliae | Olive tree | MIC = 5000 | [61] |
Application | Natural Product | Storage Conditions | Severity (0–5) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Postharvest | Chitosan acetate (1% w/v) | 4 days at 20 ± 1 °C, 95–98% RH | 3.1 | [16] |
Chitosan chloride (1% w/v) | 3.2 | |||
Chitosan formate (1% w/v) | 3.4 | |||
Chitosan glutamate (1% w/v) | 3.4 | |||
Commercial chitosan (1% w/v) | 3.5 | |||
Abies sibirica extract (1% v/v) | 7 days at 0 ± 1 °C, 95–98% RH, followed by 3 days of shelf life at 20 ± 1 °C, 95–98% RH | 2.2 | ||
Oligosaccharides (1% v/v) | 3.4 | |||
Chitosan (1% w/v) | 2.7 | |||
Ca+organic acids (1% v/v) | 3.4 | |||
Urtica dioica extract (1% w/v) | 2.9 | |||
Soybean lecitin (1% v/v) | 3.2 | |||
Chitosan NP (1500 μg·mL−1) | 7 days at 4 °C, followed by 2 days at 20 °C | 2.6 | [65] | |
Chitosan NP-Zataria multiflora (1500 μg·mL−1) | 1.5 | |||
Cinnamomum zeylanicum EO (1500 μg·mL−1) | 3.2 | [67] | ||
Zataria multiflora EO (1500 μg·mL−1) | 3.5 | |||
Chitosan + C. zeylanicum (1500 μg·mL−1) | 2.4 | |||
Chitosan + Z. multiflora (1500 μg·mL−1) | 1.5 | |||
Preharvest | Chitosan 0.5% | 7 days at 0.5 ± 1 °C, followed by 4 days at 20 ± 1 °C and 95–98% RH | 2.1−3.0 * | [66] |
Chitosan 1% | 2.0−2.8 * | |||
Fir extract/organic acids and Ca (10 mg·mL−1) | 2.0−3.5 * | |||
Laminarin 1% | 2.3−3.3 * | |||
Laminarin + Saccharomyces spp. extract (1 + 3 mg·mL−1) | 2.0−3.1 * | |||
Laminarin + Polygonum spp. extract (1 + 3 mg·mL−1) | 1.8−3.0 * |
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Sánchez-Hernández, E.; Martín-Ramos, P.; Martín-Gil, J.; Santiago-Aliste, A.; Hernández-Navarro, S.; Oliveira, R.; González-García, V. Bark Extract of Uncaria tomentosa L. for the Control of Strawberry Phytopathogens. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080672
Sánchez-Hernández E, Martín-Ramos P, Martín-Gil J, Santiago-Aliste A, Hernández-Navarro S, Oliveira R, González-García V. Bark Extract of Uncaria tomentosa L. for the Control of Strawberry Phytopathogens. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(8):672. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080672
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez-Hernández, Eva, Pablo Martín-Ramos, Jesús Martín-Gil, Alberto Santiago-Aliste, Salvador Hernández-Navarro, Rui Oliveira, and Vicente González-García. 2022. "Bark Extract of Uncaria tomentosa L. for the Control of Strawberry Phytopathogens" Horticulturae 8, no. 8: 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080672