Strawberry Tree Fruits and Leaves (Arbutus unedo L.) as Raw Material for Sustainable Functional Food Processing: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Agriculture Perspective of Strawberry Tree Cultivation
Geographic Distribution of A. unedo L.
3. Nutritive Value of Strawberry Tree
3.1. Fruits
3.2. Leaves
4. Biological Potential of Strawberry Tree
4.1. Fruits
4.2. Leaves
5. Economic Properties of Strawberry Tree
5.1. Fruits
5.2. Leaves
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Source | Analytics | Bioactive Compound | Concentration | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fruit | HPLC | Gallic acid | 4.56–36.93 mg 100 g−1 DW | [69] |
Protocatechuic | 1.84–5.90 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Gallocatechin | 16.15–65.31 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Catechin | 22.09–49.36 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Chlorogenic acid | 5.55–27.42 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Syringic acid | 4.27–7.94 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Ellagic acid | 8.42–33.73 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Quercetin-3-xyloside | 1.43–4.09 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Rutin | 0.90–1.26 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Quercetin-3-galactoside | 1.66–3.46 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Quercetin-3-glucoside | 2.11–2.89 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Cyanidin-3-glucoside | 0.43–7.21 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Cyanidin-3-arabinoside | 0.36–1.64 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Fruit | HPLC-TQ-MS/MS | 4-hydroxybenzoic acid | 0.34–0.50 mg 100 g−1 DW | [70] |
Gallic acid | 1.4–4.7 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Syringic acid | 0.63 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Chlorogenic acid | 0.676 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Quercetin | 0.79–0.84 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Quercetin 3-β-glucoside | 1.7–2.6 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Rutin | 0.43–0.57 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Kaempherol | 0.39–0.74 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Catequin | 28–149 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Epigallocatechin | 10–26 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Naringin | 0.35 mg 100 g−1 DW | |||
Fruit | MS/MS | Arbutin | NQ | [11] |
Myricetin pentoside | NQ | |||
Myricetin rhamnoside | NQ | |||
Kaempferol-rhamnoside (afzelin) | NQ | |||
Fruit | HPLC | Protocatechuic acid | 0.11–0.61 mg 100 g−1 FW | [71] |
Vanillic acid | 0.10–1.17 mg 100 g−1 FW | |||
Ellagic acid | 1.11–2.13 mg 100 g−1 FW | |||
Rutin | 0.15–0.95 mg 100 g−1 FW | |||
Quercetin | 0.12–0.31 mg 100 g−1 FW | |||
Gallic acid | 1.62–7.29 mg 100 g−1 FW | |||
Catechin | 1.16–5.75 mg 100 g−1 FW | |||
Leaves | UHPLC-LTQ Orbitrap MS | Gallocatechin | 64.21–211.60 mg kg−1 DW | [5] |
Protocatechuic acid | 1.27–2.47 mg kg−1 DW | |||
Aesculin | 1.95–5.88 mg kg−1 DW | |||
Chlorogenic acid | ND–1.95 mg kg−1 DW | |||
Catechin | 47.73–102.95 mg kg−1 DW | |||
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 16.21–27.08 mg kg−1 DW | |||
Caffeic acid | 2.61–5.75 mg kg−1 DW | |||
Syringic acid | 0.66–2.67 mg kg−1 DW | |||
Vanillic acid | 3.71–7.96 mg kg−1 DW | |||
Rutin | 29.93–106.03 mg kg−1 DW | |||
p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | 4.35–6.57 mg kg−1 DW | |||
Hyperoside | 635.10–1512.94 mg kg−1 DW | |||
p-Coumaric acid | 10.11–32.83 mg kg−1 DW | |||
Catechin gallate | 34.48–73.70 mg kg−1 DW | |||
Ferulic acid | 2.55–4.85 mg kg−1 DW | |||
Myricetin | ND–1.78 mg kg−1 DW | |||
Quercetin | 41.28–124.91 mg kg−1 DW | |||
Naringenin | ND–4.39 mg kg−1 DW | |||
Kaempferol | 10.63–35.50 mg kg−1 DW | |||
Leaves | HPTLC | Quercitrin | 1.21–2.20 mg g−1 DW | [72] |
Isoquercitrin | ND–0.33 mg g−1 DW | |||
Hyperoside | ND–0.35 mg g−1 DW | |||
Chlorogenic acid | 0.61–1.46 mg g−1 DW | |||
Leaves | HPLC-PDA | Chlorogenic acid | 0.8–6.5 mg g−1 DW | [73] |
Caffeic acid | 0.6–1.0 mg g−1 DW | |||
p-Coumaric acid | 0.2–6.6 mg g−1 DW | |||
Quercetin | 0.5–10.7 mg g−1 DW | |||
Leaves | GC-MS | Arbutin | 2.75–6.82 mg g−1 DW | [74] |
Leaves | HPLC-PDA | Arbutin | 12.1 mg g−1 DW | [75] |
Part of Plant | Type of Study | Biological Potential | References |
---|---|---|---|
Leaves | Determination of growth inhibition zones by radial diffusion | Antibacterial and antifungal potential | [95] |
Leaves | Determination of growth inhibition zones by disc diffusion | Antibacterial and antifungal potential | [106] |
Fruits | Determination of MIC by dilution on broth media | Antibacterial potential | [107] |
Leaves | In vitro platelet aggregation | Antiaggregant potential | [97] |
Leaves | In vitro platelet aggregation | Antiaggregant potential | [108] |
Fruits | In vitro, BrdU assay | Antitumoral potential | [84] |
Fruits | DPPH assay, scavenging activity, β-carotene bleaching activity | Antioxidant potential | [109] |
Leaves | DPPH assay | Antioxidant potential | [110] |
Leaves and fruits | ORAC assay, MMP-9 inhibitory activity assay | Antioxidant potential | [98] |
Leaves | FRAP, Lipid peroxidation, DPPH assay | Antioxidant potential | [75] |
Fruits | DPPH assay, DNA damage | Antioxidant potential | [84] |
Leaves | Inflammatory activation, In vitro inhibition of STAT1 activation | Anti-inflammatory potential | [111,112] |
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Bebek Markovinović, A.; Brčić Karačonji, I.; Jurica, K.; Lasić, D.; Skendrović Babojelić, M.; Duralija, B.; Šic Žlabur, J.; Putnik, P.; Bursać Kovačević, D. Strawberry Tree Fruits and Leaves (Arbutus unedo L.) as Raw Material for Sustainable Functional Food Processing: A Review. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 881. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100881
Bebek Markovinović A, Brčić Karačonji I, Jurica K, Lasić D, Skendrović Babojelić M, Duralija B, Šic Žlabur J, Putnik P, Bursać Kovačević D. Strawberry Tree Fruits and Leaves (Arbutus unedo L.) as Raw Material for Sustainable Functional Food Processing: A Review. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(10):881. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100881
Chicago/Turabian StyleBebek Markovinović, Anica, Irena Brčić Karačonji, Karlo Jurica, Dario Lasić, Martina Skendrović Babojelić, Boris Duralija, Jana Šic Žlabur, Predrag Putnik, and Danijela Bursać Kovačević. 2022. "Strawberry Tree Fruits and Leaves (Arbutus unedo L.) as Raw Material for Sustainable Functional Food Processing: A Review" Horticulturae 8, no. 10: 881. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100881
APA StyleBebek Markovinović, A., Brčić Karačonji, I., Jurica, K., Lasić, D., Skendrović Babojelić, M., Duralija, B., Šic Žlabur, J., Putnik, P., & Bursać Kovačević, D. (2022). Strawberry Tree Fruits and Leaves (Arbutus unedo L.) as Raw Material for Sustainable Functional Food Processing: A Review. Horticulturae, 8(10), 881. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100881