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Article

Quality Attributes of Chitosan-Coated Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Fruits under Different Storage Temperatures

by
Asghar Ebrahimzadeh
1,*,
Maryam Esmaeili
1,
Hamid Hassanpour
2,
Mohammad Bagher Hassanpouraghdam
1,
Sezai Ercisli
3,
Mehmet Ramazan Bozhuyuk
4,
Libor Dokoupil
5,* and
Jiri Mlcek
6
1
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh 55181-83111, Iran
2
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 57561-51818, Iran
3
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
4
Department of Plant and Animal Production, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Igdir University, Igdir 76100, Turkey
5
Department of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Plants, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Valtická 337, 69144 Lednice, Czech Republic
6
Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavreckova 275, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Horticulturae 2021, 7(12), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7120540
Submission received: 30 September 2021 / Revised: 17 November 2021 / Accepted: 18 November 2021 / Published: 2 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Factors Affecting the Quality and Shelf Life of Horticultural Crops)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Temperature is the dominant environmental stimulus that influences the postharvest quality, visual appearance, and nutritional content of fruits. Temperature hastens fruit ripening and senescence by the impact on respiration rate and the acceleration of metabolic reactions. This study was conducted to select the optimized temperature for preserving the quality-related traits and antioxidant potential of cornelian cherry fruits after harvest. The fruits were treated with 1% chitosan and then kept under 0, 5, 10, and 21 °C for 21 days. The results revealed that fruits kept under lower than room temperature (21 °C) better retained antioxidant capacity and had higher levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins and even higher antioxidant enzyme activity, hence attaining prolonged postharvest life. Considering the quantity attributes and the shelf life, the temperature of choice was 0 °C. Zero temperature was also the best to keep the antioxidant capacity of cornelian cherry fruits. Overall, the results showed that low temperature and chitosan pretreatment provide an efficient method for maintaining the nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity of cornelian cherry fruits during storage time.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Horticultural products contain several biological and beneficial compounds capable of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) molecules and, hence, protecting the cells and metabolic pathways from the deteriorative effects of those molecules [1,2]. Moreover, antioxidants protect the human body and prevent coronary diseases, cancer, and age-related disorders [3].
The Cornus mas L. shrub belongs to the Cornaceae family [4]. Cornelian cherry has elliptical stone fruits, pink-, yellow-, and/or red-colored with sour tasty flavor [5]. Cornelian cherry fruit is a rich source of natural antioxidants, anthocyanins [6], vitamin C, organic acids (mainly malic acid), pectin, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and some other constituents [7,8,9]. Biological functions of cornelian cherry fruits such as anticancer, antiviral, immune system protectant, and hypolipidemic activities are attributed to the ROS scavenging and antioxidant activities. Hence, the great antioxidant potential of cornelian cherries is of increasing interest to researchers surveying this fruit during the postharvest period [10].
Postharvest application of edible coatings such as chitosan is an efficient and sustainable technique to increase shelf life and decrease postharvest losses of fresh fruits and vegetables. This environmentally friendly treatment can help lower the respiration rate, delay the ripening process, and control microbial growth rates in harvested fresh produce [11]. An antifungal property [12,13] and the slowing of ripening and senescence process by the control of CO2, O2, and ethylene exchange balance are the other beneficial effects of chitosan coating [14]. Single chitosan coating sometimes demonstrates certain defects or limitations including the restricted control of specific microorganisms, poor coating adjustment, and the permeability of the cells. Hence, to obtain more efficiency, the recommendation is to use chitosan with other substances such gum arabic, ethanol, wax, and some other organic and inorganic compounds [11] or in combination with nanoparticles including submicron chitosan [15]. Moreover, sole chitosan coating has often been integrated with physical methods including gas fumigation, modified atmosphere packing (MAP), and postharvest temperature management [11].
On the other hand, temperature management is the most influential factor in the postharvest life of perishable horticultural crops. Earlier studies demonstrated that low-temperature storage intensifies the preserving effects of chitosan on stored fruits. The temperature outcome has been extensively evaluated in postharvest studies; however, some naturally grown fruits such as cornelian cherry fruits still await detailed studies to decide on the optimized postharvest storage temperature.
Moreover, investigations on the integrated physicochemical treatments using chitosan (postharvest chemical treatment) followed by storage temperature management (as a physical treatment) is a subject that demands a deeper realization capacity. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of storage temperature on the quality and storage life of chitosan-coated cornelian cherry fruits.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Materials

Cornelian cherry fruits (Cornus mas L.) were harvested during the early morning of September 2017, according to the uniformity of size and color, from Injar village, Horand county, Northwest Iran (38°8′ N, 47°37′ E), 950 m about sea level. Soon after harvest, the fruits were transported to the Postharvest Physiology of Horticultural Crops Laboratory at the University of Urmia, Iran. Based on the previous experiments in our lab [16], among 0.5, 1, and 1.5% (w/v) concentrations, 1% chitosan solution was selected for further studies with coating treatments.
Crab shell chitosan (analytical grade purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Madrid, Spain) aqueous solution was prepared by using acetic acid, and the final volume was reached with distilled water. For homogenization, the solution was heated and stirred for 2 h, and then its pH was adjusted to 5.6 with 1.0 N NaOH. Then, for chitosan coating treatment, the fruits were immersed in 1% chitosan solution for 5 min. The coated fruits were allowed to completely dry at room temperature. Subsequently, 1800 fruits were selected and divided into 4 lots of 450, which were stored for three weeks at 0, 5, and 10 °C, as well as 21 °C (ambient room temperature) as control. Fifty fruits per replicate of each treatment were taken from cold storage every week to measure fruit firmness and color analysis; after stone extraction, mesocarp of fruits was mixed, frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C for further analyses.
Fruit firmness was tested by an automatic texture analyzer (TA-XT plus Texture Analyzer, Stable Micro Systems, Godalming, UK) based on kg force per area.
For colorimeter analysis, a Minolta (CR400, Osaka, Japan) instrument was used.

2.2. Titratable Acidity, Total Soluble Solids, and pH

The method of Selcuk and Erkan [17] was followed to measure pH, titratable acidity (TA), and total soluble solid (TSS) content in cornelian cherry fruit extracts.
The titratable acidity (TA) was determined by titration of juice with 0.1 M NaOH (Sigma-Aldrich, Merck, Madrid, Spain) using phenolphthalein (Sigma-Aldrich, Merck) as an indicator until reaching the extract pH of 8.2. The results were calculated as the mean value of three experiments and expressed as the percentage of citric acid.
The total soluble solid (TSS) content of fruits was measured using a portable refractometer (ATAGO PR = 32, ATAGO Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).
pH was quantified by a pH meter (AZ8601, Taichung, Taiwan) at room temperature (23 °C).

2.3. Total Phenolic Content and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Scavenging Capacity

To evaluate the above traits, fruits were extracted by the method of Selcuk and Erkan [17]. Total phenolic (TP) content was determined according to the Folin–Ciocalteu procedure. The absorbance was measured by UV/Vis spectrophotometer (PC-1650; Shimadzu Kyoto, Japan) and expressed in mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g fresh weight (FW) of fruit.
To evaluate the extract potential to scavenge free radicals (DPPH assay), the sample absorbance was recorded at 517 nm [18] and the data were calculated based on the following formula:
Inhibition of DPPH = [(Abs control − Abs sample)/Abs control] × 100
where Abs control is the absorbance of DPPH solution without extract.

2.4. Total Anthocyanin Content

Anthocyanins were assayed based on the absorbance difference at different pH ranges [19]. The first buffer (pH = 1) was prepared with potassium chloride (KCl) 0.2 M, and for the second buffer (pH = 4.5), 0.2 M acetic acid was employed. Anthocyanin content was read at 520 and 700 nm. The total anthocyanins were calculated according to the following equation based on cyanidin-3-glucoside:
(A) = (A 520 pH 1 − A 700 pH 1) − (A 520 pH 4.5 − A 700 pH 4.5)

2.5. Total Flavonoids (TF) Content

Total flavonoids were measured based on the method of Shin et al. [20] as mg catechin/g FW.

2.6. Antioxidant Capacity

The antioxidant capacity of extracts was calculated as the inhibition percentage of DPPH using the method of Aebi [21].

2.7. PAL, PPO, and GPX Activity

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity was assayed based on cinnamic acid production according to Nguyen et al. [22] and was expressed as μmol cinnamic acid mg−1 protein h−1 [1,2]. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was assayed by measuring the oxidation of catechol as substrate according to Nguyen et al. [22] and was expressed as U/mg protein.
Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity was measured by the method of Upadhyaya et al. [23] as absorbance increasing pattern in min at 490 nm. The activity of catalase (CAT) enzyme was determined according to Aebi [18], and the absorption reduction was recorded at 240 nm for 60 s.

2.8. Statistical Analysis

The experiment was designed as factorial based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications. Data analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using IBM SAS software (Version 9.2), and the differences between means were assessed using Duncan’s multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Fruit Firmness

ANOVA (Table 1) showed the significant (p ≤ 0.01) difference in fruit firmness under different storage temperatures. The top firmness value of 0.55 kg·cm−2 was found for the first day, and firmness decreased day by day (Figure 1). The firmness of the fruits kept at room temperature was near zero (Figure 1). Firmness index is a dominant physical parameter in fruit quality recognition, ripeness determination, storage capability, and marketability potential [24,25,26].

3.2. pH, Titratable Acidity (TA), and Total Soluble Solids (TSSs)

Under the diverse storage temperatures, significant (p ≤ 0.01) differences were recorded in pH, TA, and TSS in cornelian cherry fruits (Table 1). The notable decline in TA during postharvest period (Figure 2B) could be ascribed to the conversion of organic acids and the increased content of carbohydrates [24].
Other studies on the effects of storage temperature on pomegranate fruits [27] and Ziziphus [28] similarly stated that with increasing storage temperature, TA was reduced in the fruits. TA in grapefruit was decreased with high storage temperatures as well [29]. In cornelian cherry fruits, with any progress in the fruit’s maturity and with darker fruits, the TSS/TA ratio was increased and fruits were palatable and more acceptable [30]. Low-temperature storage and chitosan coating slow down the fruit ripening process [31]. Increased respiration rate under high temperatures is the dominant reason for the reduction in TSS amount as well (26). However, under lower storage temperatures, the respiration rate is decreased, leading to greater accumulation of carbohydrates in the fruit tissues [26,32].

3.3. Fruit Color

Fruit color-related indices, namely L* (shining index), a*, b*, hue, and chroma, were influenced by the interaction of storage temperature and time (p ≤ 0.01). The color is a visual and/or organoleptic marketability criterion in all fruit crops which is dominantly under genetic control. Fruit color during the ripening time is determined by the de-greening (chlorophyll degradation) and the overcoming of anthocyanins and carotenoids. In cornelian cherry, anthocyanin pigments are responsible for the fruit color [33]. Our results showed a significant decline in all color indices in cornelian cherries during the storage period. However, a notable decrease was observed during the first week of storage. Similarly, in grapes treated with chitosan, L* and hue values declined during storage. Meanwhile, the L* value of chitosan-coated fruits was higher than that of control. Otherwise, L* followed the reducing pattern in the storage period [34]. In strawberry fruit, L* and hue values declined during the storage but anthocyanin content increased [25].
There was a notable decline in L*, hue, and chroma values in cornelian cherry fruits kept at higher temperatures (Table 2). The declining pattern for color indices was much greater under high temperatures [23]. The same result has been reported for tomatoes in which the best hue value was found for the highest storage temperature [35]. Hue angle declined during ripening and in zero temperature [35]. Similar data have been reported for sweet cherry in which L*, hue, and chroma were lower in ripe fruits than in unripe ones [36].
Chroma index variations are quite dependent upon the storage temperature and are also concomitantly related to the total anthocyanin content; thus, low-temperature refrigeration improves the color indices of fruits [37,38]. With the prolonged storage time and the elevated storage temperature, chroma values declined [39].

3.4. Total Phenolic Content

As shown in Table 3, total phenolics were affected by the storage temperature and time (p ≤ 0.01). During storage at all tested temperatures for 3 weeks, we recorded a significant increase in phenolic content in cornelian cherry fruits coated with 1% chitosan (Figure 3A). However, the greatest increase was observed particularly during the last week of storage under 21 °C. The results showed that total phenolics were increased by time during the storage. Moreover, higher temperatures demonstrated more total phenolics during 3 weeks of storage. In the third week, higher temperatures showed a jump in total phenolic content. In a similar study, raspberry fruits stored at 10 °C had a significant increase in total phenolic content compared to 5 °C, but the phenolics of samples at 0 °C were maintained in a more constant ratio throughout the storage period. Both storage time and temperature affected the phenolic content of all tested fruits [38].
Phenolics as the major secondary metabolites mediate the durability of plants under stressful conditions. Phenolics possess a very high antioxidant capacity, protect plants from stressors, and play pivotal roles in biological systems. Besides, phenolics endow the plants and their fruits with their special characteristic smell, taste, and color [38]. Soleimani-Aghdam et al. [39] reported that chitosan, by activating PAL, intensified the effects of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on fruit storability and even improved the phenolic content in cornelian cherry fruits.

3.5. Total Flavonoids

Flavonoid biosynthesis was induced by the storage time and temperature (p ≤ 0.01) (Table 3). Based on mean comparisons, the highest total flavonoid (2.139 mg of GAE per g fresh weight) content was observed in samples kept at 21 °C after 3 weeks. Fruits on the first day after harvest in all tested temperatures contained the lowest total flavonoid content (1.01 mg of GAE per g fresh weight). Mean comparisons (Figure 3B) show that total flavonoids were increased during the storage. This increase was maximum for zero temperature. Considering that temperature is a key factor in flavonoid biosynthesis, cornelian cherry fruit is a rich source of phenolics, anthocyanins, and flavonoids; so, it is necessary to seek the optimal conditions to maintain these valuable compounds [6]. In another study on strawberry fruits, total flavonoids were more accumulated during storage time [38].

3.6. Total Anthocyanins

Total anthocyanin content was influenced by the storage time and temperature (p ≤ 0.01) (Table 3). Mean comparisons show that (Figure 3D) the trait was increased by the storage time. Anthocyanin content decreased at 0 and 5 °C, but for the fruits stored at 10 °C, the total anthocyanin content increased dramatically.
Anthocyanin biosynthesis continues even after harvest, and several factors mediate their biosynthesis and accumulation. For example, temperature raise increases anthocyanin biosynthesis [40]. Cornelian cherry is rich in anthocyanin compounds, and these metabolites are crucial in the estimation of fruit color indices [41]. With temperature, anthocyanin degradation in fruits increases at such a rate that their deterioration at 22 °C is 1.8 times higher than that at 2 °C [36]. CaCl2-treated cornelian cherry fruits contained the increased total phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid contents [39]. In another study on strawberries, anthocyanin synthesis increased during the storage time, and the further accumulation of anthocyanins was dependent on storage temperature [40]. In sweet cherry fruits, anthocyanin content was responsive to the storage temperature and fruit ripening stage [36]. Similar results were obtained with strawberry fruit; the total anthocyanin amount was dependent on storage temperature and even increased during storage [23]. Moreover, anthocyanin accumulation was more intensified in high temperatures compared to low-temperature regimes [38].

3.7. Total Antioxidant Activity

Results showed that the coapplication of low temperature and chitosan pretreatment could maintain the beneficial antioxidant activity of cornelian cherries during storage time. The highest antioxidant activity (87.52%) was observed in fruits stored at 0 °C after 7 days, and the lowest antioxidant activity (29.65%) was observed in control samples on day 21 (Figure 3D).
A related study on strawberries showed that fruits stored at 4 °C had greater antioxidant capacity than ones kept at 25 °C [42]. Contrarily, the antioxidant capacity of the fruits at 10 °C declined more quickly compared to the fruits kept at 0 or 5 °C [43]. Antioxidant capacity is a reflection of total phenolic and anthocyanin contents. In the present study, an increase in phenolic and anthocyanin contents was correlated with the antioxidant capacity of the fruit extract.
During the prolonged storage periods, the antioxidant capacity decline could be quickened by the degradation of phenolics and ascorbic acid. The reducing pattern for antioxidant capacity during the storage has been reported by Ferreyra et al. [44] in strawberry fruit as well.

3.8. Antioxidant Enzyme Activity

3.8.1. Catalase

CAT activity directly declined with storage time and temperature (p ≤ 0.01). Mean comparison (Figure 4) for catalase activity follows a declining pattern during storage and for all temperature regimes. Catalase is a prevailing enzyme in nearly all organic tissues scavenging H2O2 into water and O2 and protects cells from the peroxidation dangers of H2O2 [45,46].
As shown in Figure 4A, CAT activity in higher temperatures (10 and 21 °C) was increased continuously during storage and was much higher at 21 °C compared to other tested temperatures (0 and 5 °C). This suggests that CAT plays a key role in the metabolic responses of cornelian cherries to the temperature. Our results were consistent with previous reports on strawberries [43] where catalase activity declined in fruits during storage and under 5 and 10 °C.

3.8.2. PPO Activity

PPO activity was statistically (p ≤ 0.01) influenced by the storage temperature and time. Mean comparisons revealed that (Figure 4), with temperature rise and during the storage time, PPO activity was increased. Hence, the highest (17,341) and the lowest (2141) levels of PPO activity were observed in fruits stored at room temperature on day 21 and in samples stored at 5 °C on day 7, respectively.
The results are consistent with a finding in pineapple where PPO activity was increased with the raised temperature and during the storage time [47]. PPO is the key enzyme in enzymatic browning and a dominant factor in phenolic oxidation [48]. Enzymatic browning via phenolic oxidation and conversion to quinone is dependent upon the PPO and oxygen presence [48]. PPO activity in the fruits is controlled by the harvest time, temperature, gaseous environment, and other environmental conditions [49]. Respiration, nutrient availability, fruit tissue firmness, and the antioxidant pool influence PPO activity [49].
PPO activity declined with low pH values, and the conditions that maintain the organic acid pool reduce PPO activity [49]. During the postharvest and storage period, PPO activity increases coincide with the ripening and senescence of fruits. These biochemical and physiological changes result in tissue browning, unappealing odor and/or taste, and the great loss in nutritious quality of fruits [50].

3.8.3. GPX Activity

Results show the significance of GPX activity in cornelian cherry fruits with storage temperatures and time (p ≤ 0.01). Figure 4 shows that during the storage and with the increase in temperature, GPX activity was increased. At the end of storage, GPX activity at 21 °C was 2.04 times higher than that at zero temperature. Variation in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and their pure amount is thoroughly acceptable in response to the storage temperature. However, the magnitude of the variations and the subsequent related metabolic responses are quite dependent upon the enzyme type, its gross amount, the related compound dynamics, and the environmental and storage conditions.

3.8.4. PAL Activity

PAL is a chief enzyme in the regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism, which produces trans-4-hydroxy cinnamate [51]. With increasing PAL activity, the biosynthesis and accumulation of phenolics are stimulated, and hence, the plant tissues become more tolerant to the biotic and abiotic stressors [52]. In our experiment, PAL activity was significantly (p ≤ 0.01) different between treatments. PAL activity had an ascending pattern with temperature during the storage period, and the highest activity was found at room temperature (21°C) (Figure 4). Low temperatures stimulate PAL and encourage browning and color alteration as well. In another study on bananas, storage at 6 °C resulted in increased PAL activity compared to 10 °C [19]. Furthermore, in raspberry fruits coated with Aloe vera gel and under storage at 4 °C for 8 days, PAL activity was increased during the storage time-course [53].

4. Conclusions

Cornelian cherry fruits are rich in bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. However, like other perishable fruits, the nutritional quality of cornelian cherry fruits declines during the postharvest period. Chitosan coating greatly influences the nutritional value of fruits, and low-temperature storage is a preferential method for prolonging the shelf and storage life and postharvest quality of horticultural produce. In the present study, quality attributes and physiological characteristics of cornelian cherry fruits were affected by the storage temperature and time. Storage under high temperature, due to the elevated respiration rate, accelerated ripening process and negatively impacted the quality attributes of fruits in the main part due to the fruits’ firmness loss. In contrast, fruits stored under low-temperature regimes attained more suitable quality attributes and especially superior antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the results showed that antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GPX, PPO, and PAL) may participate less in ROS scavenging of cornelian cherry fruits stored at 0 and 5 °C than in that of those stored at higher temperatures (10 and 21 °C), and chitosan application could probably improve the antioxidant capacity. Our data indicate that the coapplication of physicochemical treatments (chitosan coating followed by temperature treatment) was effective in preserving the postharvest quality attributes of cornelian cherry fruits. Therefore, we suggest that pretreatment with chitosan (1%) in combination with storage at low temperature might be a useful and more efficient way to expand the shelf life and preserve the nutritional quality of cornelian cherry fruits during storage.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.E., H.H. and M.E.; data curation, A.E. and M.E.; formal analysis, A.E., M.E., L.D. and M.B.H.; methodology, M.E. and H.H.; project administration, A.E. and H.H.; visualization, A.E., M.E., M.B.H., M.R.B., L.D., J.M. and S.E.; writing—original draft, A.E., M.E., M.B.H., S.E. and H.H.; writing—review and editing, S.E., L.D., J.M. and M.B.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was funded by the University of Maragheh and Urmia University, Iran, and Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All new research data were presented in this contribution.

Acknowledgments

This study was carried out at the University of Maragheh and Urmia University, Iran. The research was supported by program No. 6.2.10 ref. 51834/2017-MZE-17253, sub-program, National Program of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources and Agrobiodiversity, funded by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Horticulturae 07 00540 g001 550
Figure 1. Effects of different storage temperatures on the fruit firmness of cornelian cherries treated with 1% chitosan. Different letters on bars indicate significant differences among storage temperatures at p < 0.01 by Duncan’s test.
Figure 1. Effects of different storage temperatures on the fruit firmness of cornelian cherries treated with 1% chitosan. Different letters on bars indicate significant differences among storage temperatures at p < 0.01 by Duncan’s test.
Horticulturae 07 00540 g001
Horticulturae 07 00540 g002 550
Figure 2. Effects of different storage temperatures on pH (A), titratable acidity (TA) (B), and total soluble solid (TSS) content (C) of cornelian cherry fruits treated with 1% chitosan. Different letters on bars indicate significant differences among storage temperatures at p < 0.01 by Duncan’s test.
Figure 2. Effects of different storage temperatures on pH (A), titratable acidity (TA) (B), and total soluble solid (TSS) content (C) of cornelian cherry fruits treated with 1% chitosan. Different letters on bars indicate significant differences among storage temperatures at p < 0.01 by Duncan’s test.
Horticulturae 07 00540 g002
Horticulturae 07 00540 g003a 550Horticulturae 07 00540 g003b 550
Figure 3. Effects of different storage temperatures on total phenolic (TP) content (A), total flavonoid (TF) content (B), total anthocyanin content (C), and DPPH scavenging percent (D) of cornelian cherry fruits treated with 1% chitosan. Different letters on bars indicate significant differences among storage temperatures at p < 0.05 by Duncan’s test.
Figure 3. Effects of different storage temperatures on total phenolic (TP) content (A), total flavonoid (TF) content (B), total anthocyanin content (C), and DPPH scavenging percent (D) of cornelian cherry fruits treated with 1% chitosan. Different letters on bars indicate significant differences among storage temperatures at p < 0.05 by Duncan’s test.
Horticulturae 07 00540 g003aHorticulturae 07 00540 g003b
Horticulturae 07 00540 g004a 550Horticulturae 07 00540 g004b 550
Figure 4. Effects of different storage temperatures on catalase (A), polyphenol oxidase (B), guaiacol peroxidase (C), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (D) activities of cornelian cherry fruits treated with 1% chitosan. Different letters on bars indicate significant differences among storage temperatures at p < 0.05 by Duncan’s test.
Figure 4. Effects of different storage temperatures on catalase (A), polyphenol oxidase (B), guaiacol peroxidase (C), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (D) activities of cornelian cherry fruits treated with 1% chitosan. Different letters on bars indicate significant differences among storage temperatures at p < 0.05 by Duncan’s test.
Horticulturae 07 00540 g004aHorticulturae 07 00540 g004b
Table
Table 1. ANOVA for the fruit firmness, pH, TSSs, and color indices in cornelian cherry fruits treated with 1% chitosan under different storage temperatures.
Table 1. ANOVA for the fruit firmness, pH, TSSs, and color indices in cornelian cherry fruits treated with 1% chitosan under different storage temperatures.
MSDFSS
ChromaHueb*a*L*TSSsTApHFirmness
** 121.0383.58 ns** 23.87** 97.48** 44.54** 37.34** 1.16** 0.05** 0.283Temperature
** 1094.68** 476.01** 717.20** 510.58** 1089.19** 44.12** 11.98** 0.40** 0.183Day
** 46.32** 23.84** 13.60** 37.24** 19.61** 6.27** 0.47** 0.03** 0.0449Day × Temperature
3.025.391.052.91.760.460.020.00160.00132Error
6.178.317.446.993.814.508.641.288.31-C.V.
ns non-significant, * and ** indicate significant differences at 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively. TSSs = total soluble solids, TA = titratable acidity.
Table
Table 2. Temperature effect on the color indices of cornelian cherry fruits treated with 1% chitosan during the storage period.
Table 2. Temperature effect on the color indices of cornelian cherry fruits treated with 1% chitosan during the storage period.
ChromaHueb*a*L*WeeksTemperature (°C)
41.81 a36.72 a24.99 a33.51 a48.79 a00
29.24 b27.97 bcd13.67 bc25.84 b34.92 bc1
27.26 bcd25.85 de11.86 cd24.53 b32.76 cde2
26.28 b–e23.59 ef10.47 de24.085 b30.56 efg3
41.81 a36.72 a24.99 a33.51 a48.79 a05
28.91 bc30.57 bc14.72 b24.88 b35.4 b1
25.9 c–e21.89 f9.59 ef24.03 b31.15 def2
25.39 de21.26 f9.26 ef23.62 b29.085 fgh3
41.81 a36.72 a24.99 a33.51 a48.79 a010
23.97 ef31.31 b12.44 c20.49 cd28.23 gh1
21.58 f22.22 ef8.15 fg19.98 d27.45 h2
17.99 g22.6 ef6.92 g16.6 e27.24 h3
41.81 a36.72 a24.99 a33.51 a48.79 a021
26.01 c–e27.58 cd12.06 cd22.97 bc33.52 bcd1
22.16 f22.38 ef8.44 fg20.49 cd28.23 gh2
8.52 h22.67 ef3.13 h7.9 f22.87 i3
Different letters indicate significant differences within each column based on Duncan’s multiple range test at p < 0.05.
Table
Table 3. ANOVA for the total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and anthocyanin content in cornelian cherry fruits treated with 1% chitosan under storage with different temperatures.
Table 3. ANOVA for the total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and anthocyanin content in cornelian cherry fruits treated with 1% chitosan under storage with different temperatures.
MSDFSS
DPPHAnthocyaninTFTP
** 107/12** 153/77** 0/23** 0/293temperature
** 691/89** 922/52** 0/75** 1/983storage time
* 28/73** 25/24** 0/07** 0/0979storage time × temperature
11/781/880/00390/00832error
8/3611/104/9211/47-C.V.
* and ** indicate significant differences at 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively. TP = total phenolics, TF = total flavonoids, DPPH = 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl activity.
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Ebrahimzadeh, A.; Esmaeili, M.; Hassanpour, H.; Hassanpouraghdam, M.B.; Ercisli, S.; Bozhuyuk, M.R.; Dokoupil, L.; Mlcek, J. Quality Attributes of Chitosan-Coated Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Fruits under Different Storage Temperatures. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 540. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7120540

AMA Style

Ebrahimzadeh A, Esmaeili M, Hassanpour H, Hassanpouraghdam MB, Ercisli S, Bozhuyuk MR, Dokoupil L, Mlcek J. Quality Attributes of Chitosan-Coated Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Fruits under Different Storage Temperatures. Horticulturae. 2021; 7(12):540. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7120540

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ebrahimzadeh, Asghar, Maryam Esmaeili, Hamid Hassanpour, Mohammad Bagher Hassanpouraghdam, Sezai Ercisli, Mehmet Ramazan Bozhuyuk, Libor Dokoupil, and Jiri Mlcek. 2021. "Quality Attributes of Chitosan-Coated Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Fruits under Different Storage Temperatures" Horticulturae 7, no. 12: 540. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7120540

APA Style

Ebrahimzadeh, A., Esmaeili, M., Hassanpour, H., Hassanpouraghdam, M. B., Ercisli, S., Bozhuyuk, M. R., Dokoupil, L., & Mlcek, J. (2021). Quality Attributes of Chitosan-Coated Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Fruits under Different Storage Temperatures. Horticulturae, 7(12), 540. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7120540

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