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Article

Chayote [Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.] Fruit Quality Influenced by Plant Pruning

by
Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez
1,2,
Ma. de Lourdes Arévalo-Galarza
2,3,
Juan F. Aguirre-Medina
4,
Carlos H. Avendaño-Arrazate
2,5,
Daniel A. Cadena-Zamudio
2,
Jorge David Cadena-Zamudio
2,5,
Ramón M. Soto-Hernández
2,3,*,
Víctor M. Cisneros-Solano
2,6,
Lucero del Mar Ruiz-Posadas
2,3,
Celeste Soto-Mendoza
2 and
Jorge L. Mejía-Méndez
2,3
1
Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus San Luis Potosí, Salinas de Hidalgo CP 78600, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
2
Interdisciplinary Research Group of Sechium edule in Mexico, A.C. (GISeM), Agustin Melgar 10, Texcoco CP 56160, Mexico
3
Colegio de Postgraduados, Km. 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco CP 56264, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
4
Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Ciencias Agrícolas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez CP 29050, Chiapas, Mexico
5
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Tepatitlán de Morelos CP 47600, Jalisco, Mexico
6
Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Centro Regional Universitario Oriente, Huatusco, Veracruz CP 94100, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080965
Submission received: 19 June 2025 / Revised: 6 August 2025 / Accepted: 8 August 2025 / Published: 14 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Strategies for Agrochemical-Conventional Management in Horticultural Crops)
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Abstract

Plant pruning is the selective removal of specific plant parts to enhance growth, shape, and health. In this work, the effects of pruning were evaluated regarding the physiological parameters, maturity, quality, and harvest indices and the nutritional quality features of twelve chayote [Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw] (Cucurbitaceae) varieties. GC-FID approaches were utilized to determine CO2 assimilation rates. The results demonstrated that pruning upregulated the leaf temperature and conductance but decreased transpiration and CO2 assimilation rates within the evaluated period (06:30 a.m.–16:23 p.m.). It was noted that the implementation of pruning also impacted samples with enhanced photosynthetically active radiation activity, with a positive correlation with CO2 assimilation. The macro- and micronutrient content was higher in samples with an epidermis, especially for S. edule var. albus spinosum. Nevertheless, the analyzed samples presented low (5–10 mL CO2 kg−1 h−1), medium (10–15 mL CO2 kg−1 h−1), and high levels (15–20 mL CO2 kg−1 h−1) of respiratory intensity and weight loss (7–17%)—effects attributed to botanical differences between the studied chayote varieties. This work demonstrates, for the first time, the effects of pruning in chayote orchards and expands the knowledge regarding the implementation of effective approaches to produce plants with culinary, cultural, and medicinal implications. Further approaches are required to determine the effects of pruning on chayote after harvest.

1. Introduction

Plant pruning is a horticultural practice involving the selective removal of specific parts of a plant, such as the branches, buds, or roots [1]. Plant pruning serves multiple purposes in plant cultivation and management, as it can improve the plant structure, enhance fruit or flower production, and upregulate overall plant health [2]. By removing dead, damaged, or diseased parts, pruning reduces the risk of phytopathogen infestations, such as those due to powdery mildew, which is a common disease caused by several fungi from the genera Erysiphe, Podosphaera, and Uncinula [3]. Unlike thinning and mulching, plant pruning also promotes better air circulation and light penetration within the plant canopy, which can enhance photosynthetic efficiency [4]. The improvements in air circulation, light penetration, and photosynthetic efficiency induced by pruning also influence the nutritional quality of crops. For instance, it has been documented that pruning can improve the content of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals in mangoes [5], figs [6], and oranges [7]. Additionally, pruning can be used to control the plant size and shape, making it particularly useful in landscaping and ornamental horticulture. The use of plant pruning has been widely documented for species with significant economic, culinary, or cultural importance, such as Capsicum annuum [8], Hylocereus undatus [9], Pinus yunnanensis [10], and Schinus terebinthifolia [11].
Chayote [Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw] (Cucurbitaceae) is a plant whose fruit is consumed as a vegetable and is native to Mesoamerica. Mexico is one of the areas of the greatest biological diversity [12,13]. Unlike other cultivated species, there is no archaeological evidence or relics that help to specify its origin and management, because the fruit contains a viviparous seed with a soft testa of the recalcitrant type (highly sensitive to dehydration and does not allow for its conservation) [14]. The best evidence of its origin is the existence of wild chayote in the central and southern regions of Mexico and Central America, but it is also widely cultivated in China and coastal provinces [15]. In chayote, pruning is performed to remove old or very mature vines and results in vigorous rejuvenation, high productivity, and high-quality fruits. Additionally, pruning in chayote is performed fewer times than defoliation, essentially at a ratio of three defoliations to one pruning [16]. The implementation of defoliation is also considered; however, it is inefficient because unproductive defoliants remain, demanding nutrients and water, as well as having high economic demands.
The chayote plant is a perennial, ascending herb with tendrils and tuberous roots. It has stems (vines) that are several meters long, slightly compressed, and longitudinally furrowed; they are green when young and brown when mature. Each node bears a leaf, a unisexual inflorescence, and a branched tendril [17]. The leaves have long petioles and are simple, palmately lobed, or angular; the lobes are acute or acuminate, and the venation is branched. The unisexual flowers are axillary (staminate and pistillate) at the same node and on the same axis (vine). The fruit is a large berry; it is ovoid, conical, pear-shaped, or round, with a variable number of longitudinal depressions [18]. Its epidermis is yellow, light or dark green, and shiny; it can be glabrous, finely pubescent, or with a variable number of spines and a seed [19]. Various morphological features are shared between the most consumed species of the genus Sechium P. Br. S. edule is one of ten species of the genus Sechium P. Br. and is, along with S. tacaco, the edible species with the greatest biological variation. Morphostructural, biochemical, and genetic studies of the intraspecific complex of S. edule show the morphological distinctions among twelve varietal groups, with stable, uniform, and heritable characteristics: nigrum levis, albus levis, albus dulcis, nigrum conus, albus minor, nigrum minor, nigrum maxima, nigrum xalapensis, virens levis, nigrum spinosum, albus spinosum, and amarus sylvestris [20].
The fruit of S. edule, and especially var. virens levis, has a growing domestic market and is exported to the United States of America and Canada [21]. Since 2008, Mexico has been the world’s leading producer and exporter, followed by Costa Rica [22]. In Mexico, the market value of S. edule varies according to the geographical region; however, the production market is estimated to amount to MXN 190,576.75. Other important producing countries are Guatemala, Brazil, Puerto Rico, and India, although their production is for personal consumption [23]. The lesser-known varietal groups have high market potential due to the variety of colors, sizes, and organoleptic characteristics that may be attractive to new markets [24]. The physical characteristics of chayote, such as its climbing ability, large leaves, attractive flowers, and deep root system, enable it to adapt successfully to its growing conditions, making it a resilient and productive crop in suitable climates. The chayote plant is an herb that naturally climbs trees and shrubs, and, under cultivated conditions, it grows on a net-like structure of poles and wires that provides support [25]. Under these conditions, its initial growth is orthotropic (vertical growth), and, as it ascends the net (2.2 m high), it grows plagiotropic (horizontal growth). When the vines overlap, they form a canopy that must be regulated to prevent collapse due to its weight. In this regard, farmers do not prune, resulting in excess biomass above the wooden structure. The canopy restricts the entry of light and air, providing conditions that favor the multiplication and oviposition of fungi, bacteria, and insects.
Each plagiotropic vine presents, at the node, the formation of a fully expanded leaf, a tendril, a rachis with staminate flowers, a pistillate flower, and a vegetative bud that can give rise to lateral branching [26]. Fruit production thus occurs linearly and only once at each node. However, indeterminate growth produces vines that can reach lengths of over 30 m. This, coupled with their overlap in the canopy, forms a thick layer of foliage that obscures the lower part of the productive structure, reducing the green pigmentation of the fruit (Figure 1). This reduces the fruit quality. Long vines only produce flowers and fruit in their last segment (±2.0 m in length) [27]. In chayote orchards, vine pruning is not generally performed; however, due to the importance of this innovative activity, records of conductance, transpiration, CO2 assimilation rates, and photosynthetically active light (PAR) need to be obtained, grouping the results according to the similarity of responses, i.e., chayote with green or yellow fruits.
One significant challenge faced by chayote producers is managing the plant density and airflow, which directly impact fruit quality. Over time, dense vine growth can lead to excessive leaf coverage, resulting in reduced light penetration and increased humidity levels around the foliage. This environment is conducive to the development of fungal diseases, which can severely affect crop yields and fruit quality. The implementation of pruning in chayote cultivation addresses the pressing challenges associated with plant density and airflow, ultimately leading to significant improvements in fruit quality. By adopting strategic pruning practices, medium- and small-scale agricultural producers can create a more conducive environment for healthy plant growth, reduce the risk of disease, and enhance the marketability of cultivated chayote.
This research aimed to demonstrate the beneficial effects of pruning on chayote plants and its impacts on physiological variables and quality parameters, thus reducing the need for agrochemical applications. The pruning approach has been widely explored in other crops; however, this study sought to investigate its effects on chayote plants since, despite its nutritional, medicinal, and cultural importance, this crop is not a priority for research in certain areas. Moreover, it possesses variable growth habits and requirements, and the economic incentives its study are lower compared to crops with higher market demands. For these reasons, growth variables, postharvest quality, and nutritional value, both with and without an epidermis, are also presented for the varietal groups. Although they are less commercially known than var. virens levis, and their cultivation is limited (even in home gardens), their presence in organic vegetable markets has been noted.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Field Setting

Observations and records of pre- and postharvest handling were obtained for edible S. edule varieties in the experimental production orchard of the Interdisciplinary Research Group on Sechium edule in Mexico (19°05′ N; 97°00′ W), under the following conditions: cloud forest vegetation, 1344 m altitude, 2253 mm rainfall, mean annual temperature of 19 °C, nutrient-rich vitric luvisol soil of volcanic origin, moderate fertility, coarse texture and volcanic glass fragments, slightly acidic to acidic pH (4.3–6.5), rich in organic matter, low in calcium, and high in iron, manganese, and zinc. All varieties were evaluated under the same conditions, and brief botanical descriptions and representations of the studied chayote varieties are presented in Table 1.

2.2. Pruning

The chayote plant has a commercial life cycle of one year, of which six to seven months are dedicated to production. Plagiotropic vines can reach lengths of up to 42 m; however, they only produce fruit during the last two meters. Therefore, pruning is applied at 7, 9, and 11 months, with intensities of 30, 40, and 60%, respectively. The highest percentage coincides with higher rainfall and higher biomass. One square meter of pruning yields up to 36 ± 0.5 kg. Pruning is performed with a hand knife and machete, trimming the entire row between plants. In chayote orchards, vine pruning is not generally performed; however, due to the importance of this innovative activity, records of conductance, transpiration, CO2 assimilation rates, and photosynthetically active light (PAR) were obtained, grouping the results according to the similarity of responses, i.e., plants with green or yellow fruits. This was done to demonstrate the implications of vine pruning for physiological efficiency and fruit quality. Pruning was carried out every three months throughout the cultivation year.

2.3. Physiological Analysis

Ten fully expanded young leaves were recorded on each vine of the selected plants (n = 10 vines). A portable closed infrared gas analysis (IRGA) system, model CIRAS-1, from PPSystems (Amesbury, MA 01913 USA), was used. Measurements were taken during the productive stage of the plants, from 6:30 to 16:30 p.m. (diurnal pattern). All experiments were carried out in triplicate.

2.4. Postharvest Analysis

2.4.1. Maturity, Quality, and Harvest Index Analysis

Fruit growth for harvest at horticultural maturity after anthesis (days) and the absolute growth rate (days after anthesis) were recorded. Daily measurements were taken, along with photographic records, at 9:00 a.m. until the fruits reached horticultural maturity after anthesis. The sample consisted of 45 fruits for each chayote varietal group. The absolute growth rate (AGR) represents the change in size per unit of time, as determined by Equation (1). All experiments were performed in triplicate.
A G R = δ δ t

2.4.2. Weight Loss and Respiratory Intensity Analysis

Weight loss was assessed on a sample of n = 115 fruits per variety using a precision balance (Ohaus Scout Pro, Parsippany, NJ 07054 USA). It was calculated as changes in fruit weight over time (g kg−1 d−1). Weight loss and time averages were recorded for each fruit, with measurements taken for 14 d, and were calculated according to Equation (2). In this equation, Pi denotes the initial weight, whereas Pe denotes the weight recorded at each assessment. All experiments were executed in triplicate.
W e i g h t   l o s s   % = P i − P e P i × 100
According to Salveit and Sharaf (1992) [29], the determination of respiratory intensity was performed using the static method in hermetically sealed individual chambers, with a volume of 1.67 ± 0.07, where two fruits were placed for 1 h. One milliliter of air was taken with a syringe from the upper space of the chamber and injected into a Hewlett Packard 5890 Series II chromatograph supplied with a Poraplot Q column (25 m/0.32 mm) (Wilmington, DE 19808-1610, USA). The conditions were as follows: oven 80 °C and detector temperature 150 °C, with helium as a carrier gas. A gas chromatograph, equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and flame ionization detector (FID), was utilized to quantify carbon dioxide (CO2). The measurements were taken every 12 h over seven days at room temperature.

2.4.3. Nutritional Value Analysis

The nutritional value analysis of chayote fruits was performed with and without an epidermis. Briefly, fruits with and without an epidermis were taken, crushed, and weighed. The epidermis was removed with a knife, standardizing the cut to reduce pulp carryover. The epidermis is very thin, similar to that of the potato (Solanum tuberosum). Since the fruit has a firm consistency, removal is easy and efficient, as it is a non-climacteric fruit with a shelf life of up to 28 days before the seed inside germinates. To evaluate nutrient concentrations, two comparative boxplots were created, and an independent-samples t-test was conducted to determine statistically significant differences between the “with epidermis” and “without epidermis” conditions. Nutrients were grouped into two sets based on their concentration scales to enhance clarity in visualization and interpretation, using a sample size of 125 fruits. Analyses were performed using R studio version 4.4.1, with the ggplot package (R Core Team, 2024). The fruits were from different plants of the same variety on different vines. The material was dried at 70 °C for 48 h in a Novatech oven with forced-air circulation (Haverhill, MA, USA), ground, and sieved through a 20-mesh screen. The nitrogen content among samples with or without an epidermis was determined by the micro-Kjeldahl method (Bremner 1965) [30]. The phosphorus content was measured by colorimetry according to the method described by the AOAC (1980) [31]. The analysis was performed at 470 nm in a Milton Roy® Spectronic 20 spectrophotometer (Raleigh, NC, USA). The content of potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc was analyzed using a Varian 725-ES atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AES-ICP) (Melbourne, Australia). All experiments were performed in triplicate.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to determine significant differences in nutrient content among the evaluated chayote varieties, considering the presence or absence of an epidermis. The statistical analysis was followed by Sidak’s pairwise multiple-comparisons test, which was performed using GraphPad Prism (version 8.2.1).

3. Results

3.1. Pruning Vines

Pruning chayote is a practice that improves the quality and quantity of fruit per plant. It allows for the regulation of light and ventilation in the support structure. It also improves plant health by removing leaves and vines with signs and symptoms of fungal or oomycete infections and harmful insect egg-laying (see Figure 1). A disadvantage of not pruning is excess biomass in the structure, which favors the appearance and attack of pathogens (fungi, bacteria) on fruits and leaves due to the darkening, reduced temperature, and reduced air circulation. Under these conditions, the fruits are not harvested at the appropriate rate; they ripen on the plant and can serve as hosts for borers (Diaphania nitidalis or D. hyalinata) or become infected by fungi or bacteria, as they remain trapped in the canopies of guides and become sources of contamination. Pruning involves removing vegetative parts to reduce the biomass load and increase nutrient availability, thereby achieving greater productivity and vigor. In the case of chayote, very thick shoots are removed from the radial center of the plant (2.0 m) to promote the lateral growth of new shoots and thus new production. This information is illustrated in Figure 1.
Some farmers cut off excess leaves, leaving all the vines, claiming that this is a form of pruning (defoliation); however, this does not promote production. On the contrary, pruning vines promotes the lateral growth of new, sexually mature shoots, and fruit production quickly stabilizes (±22 d). Therefore, the correct way to apply the concept of pruning to chayote is to remove very mature (old) vines, which are recognized by a longitudinal green–brown stripe and are the thickest (2.0–2.5 inches). Pruning significantly reduces fruit spotting and bleaching. The former results from the contact of a senescent leaf attached to the fruit, which, when moistened, stains the fruit like rust (see Figure 2A,B), while bleaching is the partial or total reduction of the green color due to the darkening caused by excess foliage in the canopy (see Figure 2C,D).
The cut is created at the vines located at the inflection point where they transition from vertical to horizontal growth, taking care to do so at a distance of 2 m from this inflection to prevent sap from dripping onto the base of the plant. Due to its nutrient richness, this facilitates the germination of fungal spores and causes rot. The cut should be created between 10:00 and 12:00 to reduce dripping and accelerate leaf wilting, which helps the pruner to identify them the next day. The importance of pruning in commercial orchards is evident in the stability and frequency of production, reflected in the fruit harvest, which is carried out twice a week to meet the harvest index for fruits at horticultural maturity (18 ± 2 days after anthesis). Another benefit of pruning is the reduction of health problems and the number of agrochemical applications, as the cut biomass is often accompanied by fungi, bacteria, mites, insect eggs on the leaves, infested fruits, or borer larvae, among others (see Figure 3).

3.2. Physiological Analysis

Figure 4 indicates the beneficial effects of pruning on the physiological efficiency of the chayote plant. The diurnal pattern recorded a maximum leaf temperature (Figure 4A) of 32 °C, with a direct effect on the transpiration and conductance rates (Figure 4B,C) and the CO2 assimilation rate (Figure 4D). The latter variable begins to rise at 9:15 a.m., registering its highest value between 10:00 and 14:50, demonstrating a differential effect compared to the preceding processes. This is in contrast to unpruned orchards, where the PAR input does not reach the productive young guides and the recorded value is not greater than 200 μmol m−2 s−1, equivalent to the 6:30 to 9:15 schedule with pruning.
Figure 5 shows the amount of photosynthetically active light (PAR) that enters the canopy once pruning has been performed, favorably affecting the leaf temperature and CO2 assimilation rate, showing that the greater the light input, the greater the physiological efficiency.

3.3. Maturity, Quality, and Harvest Index Analysis

In practice, the decision to harvest chayote is based on market criteria. Fruits can be harvested at horticultural or physiological maturity. The former is the way in which chayote is marketed; criteria include firmness, shine, uniform color, and freedom from physical or pathogenic defects. The criteria of the International Standard cannot be applied to all chayote varieties, as they are based exclusively on var. virens levis (see Figure 6A).
The chayote fruit is derived from a mature ovary and is composed of three layers, known as the epicarp (exocarp), mesocarp, and endocarp. These layers originate from the modified carpel leaf and are collectively referred to as the pericarp, which can be soft, hard, fleshy, or dry. The pericarp protects the seed from mechanical damage. The seed is endocarpous and germinates inside the fruit, which is not carotenogenic (does not change color), generating viviparity, which is commercially undesirable (see Figure 6B). Among the most common commercial fruit defects, in addition to viviparity, are a dull color, twin fruits, chafing, spots, sun damage, and an inadequate shape and size. Since the fruit has stomata, high transpiration rates are common, and condensed water is often present in packaging, which favors the spread of disease (see Figure 6C–H).
Chayote is consumed at horticultural maturity, and, in the commercial variety virens levis (see Figure 6A), this is recorded at 18 ± 2 days after anthesis. It corresponds to a medium-sized fruit, with a soft, turgid consistency, without apparent striations or signs of germination. Some basic requirements for determining fruit quality focus on color, weight, and length, as well as health and the absence of defects. However, there are few references that specify the harvest index at horticultural maturity for other varieties. The growth of chayote fruit after anthesis is described below for most S. edule varieties. The information illustrated in Figure 7 and Figure 8 contributes significantly to determining harvest indices at horticultural maturity.

3.4. Respiratory Intensity and Weight Loss Analysis

The respiratory intensity of chayote varieties is classified as very low, with reports for var. virens levis of 6–8 mL CO2 kg−1 h−1 in fruits stored for 12 days at 15 °C and 20–25 mL CO2 kg−1 h−1 at 25 °C. Table 2 presents the classification of the respiratory patterns of the fruits.
Fruit wilting or dehydration is a critical quality issue, so low temperatures are necessary to prolong its shelf life. Table 3 presents the weight loss of S. edule fruit recorded eight days after harvest at room temperature (20 °C).

3.5. Nutritional Value Analysis

The nutritional values of chayote fruits with an epidermis (see Figure 8A) indicated a greater quantity of minerals compared to those without an epidermis (see Figure 8B), with a difference of nearly 50%. For the nutrients that are not observed, this is because their values range from 0 to 5 (N, Mn, Fe, and Cu). Nutrients such as P, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn are clearly distinguished. The above values are the basis for establishing the minimum desirable records for the fruits of these varieties. The values recorded in Figure 8 show that the commercial var. virens levis is one of the fruits with the lowest mineral content, with nigrum minor and nigrum conus standing out.
The content of P was statistically different between varieties (F = 24.68, p < 0.0006) and between samples without an epidermis and with an epidermis (F = 4.514, p < 0.01) (see Figure 8A). As noted in Figure 8B, the K content was also statistically different between varieties (F = 13.32, p < 0.0002) and between samples without an epidermis and with an epidermis (F = 57.61, p < 0.0001). Comparable findings were noted for Zn among varieties (F = 127.7, p < 0.0001) and samples with and without an epidermis (F = 39.91, p < 0.0001). The content of Ca presented similar behavior to the previous minerals, with F = 25.08, p < 0.0001 between varieties and F = 36.22, p < 0.0001 for the levels (see Figure 8A,B). For Mg, it was found that F = 4.514, p < 0.0129 between varieties and F = 36.22, p < 0.0001 for the levels (see Figure 8A,B). From a general point of view, the chayote varieties showed significant differences in P (p < 0.05) and K (p < 0.0001) (see Figure 8A,B). Contrarily, they did not present significantly variable content of Zn, Ca, and Mg (p > 0.05) (see Figure 8A,B). The analysis of each element in the evaluated chayote varieties is presented in Figure 9.
Figure 10 represents the absolute fruit growth rates of S. edule varieties, with growth cessation recorded 12 to 15 days after anthesis for varieties with small fruits (albus minor, nigrum minor, albus dulcis), 18 days for those with medium-sized fruits (albus levis, nigrum levis, and nigrum conus), and 21 days for varieties with large fruits (nigrum maxima, virens levis, nigrum xalapensis, and nigrum spinosum).

4. Discussion

Pruning involves cutting away specific parts of a plant, such as the branches, buds, or roots, to enhance its growth, shape, and overall health. This technique plays multiple roles in plant care and management. It improves the structures of plants, boosts fruit or flower production, and allows for better airflow and light access within the plant’s canopy, thereby increasing the photosynthesis efficiency [32]. By removing dead, damaged, or diseased parts, pruning reduces the likelihood of pathogen attacks. It also helps to control the sizes and forms of plants, making it especially useful in landscaping and decorative gardening. Pruning is performed to remove old, unproductive, or overripe vines. A longitudinal green–brown stripe characterizes these vines, and it is the thickest of the entire vine group. The first vertical cut (crown) is made on the vines located at the inflection point when they transition from vertical to horizontal. Pruning is performed 40 cm from this inflection to prevent sap from dripping onto the base of the plant. Due to its nutrient richness, this facilitates the germination of fungal spores and causes rot. Pruning should be conducted between 10:00 and 12:00 to reduce dripping and accelerate leaf wilting, which helps the pruner to identify them easily the next day.
Wilted vines are cut into small to medium-sized pieces with a sharp knife, following the direction of the garden’s aisles. This reduces the biomass weight, since the pieces have leaves, very thin branches, and fruits at different stages of growth (including seeds) and are incorporated into the soil. An advantage of this is that, by not pruning the root area, the supply of water and nutrients (ratio: root–shoot–leaves) exceeds the aerial demand, resulting in the high emission of lateral branches from the nodes of the guides, which emit rachises of staminate and pistillate flowers, generating new fruits and demonstrating vigorous rejuvenation seven to nine days after pruning.
Chayote exhibits multifaceted applications in culinary, cultural, and medicinal domains. Historically, chayote has been a staple food crop for indigenous Mesoamerican populations, underscoring its cultural significance. In traditional medicine, chayote is utilized for its cardiovascular, diuretic [33], hepatoprotective [34], antigenotoxic [35], antioxidant, and antihypertensive properties [36]. The cultivation of chayote necessitates regular pruning to maintain optimal productivity and fruit quality. Currently, there are no studies that have implemented pruning among chayote cultivars; however, as with other cultivars, its implementation can aid in controlling vine growth, enhancing air circulation and light penetration within the canopy, and promoting the development of new fruiting shoots [37]. For commercial chayote production, the implementation of appropriate pruning techniques is crucial to optimize plant health and fruit yields, since it has been noted that, in the absence of proper management approaches, the dense canopy can lead to deleterious effects, including reduced yields, increased susceptibility to pathogens, and diminished fruit quality [38]. When implemented for chayote varieties, it is crucial to determine the optimal pruning intensity and timing for each variety to maximize light exposure and airflow while minimizing stress. Additionally, the continuous monitoring of plant responses to pruning within diverse populations is essential for small- and medium-scale producers to assess factors such as growth rates, fruit development, and disease incidence post-pruning. The interaction between variant populations and pruning must also be addressed through controlled experiments that enable data-driven recommendations, comparing the effects of different techniques on the chayote yield and quality.
The successful implementation of plant pruning is driven by several key factors, including seasonal considerations [39], plant types and growth habits [40], soil quality, and nutritional status [41]. The timing of pruning activities, particularly in terms of the time of day, plays a critical role in their success [42]. While seasonal timing is essential, the specific hour of the day can significantly influence the physiological responses of plants and the overall effectiveness of the implemented approach. The leaf temperature is the temperature of the leaf’s surface. In the cooler morning hours, plants are better positioned to absorb carbon dioxide and initiate photosynthesis without the added stress of high temperatures. Conversely, pruning in the afternoon can lead to elevated leaf temperatures, potentially slowing photosynthetic activity and impairing recovery. Still, it has been noted that other factors, such as solar radiation, air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and soil moisture, may have influenced the retrieved results [43].
During the vegetative growth phase, which typically occurs in early spring, chayote plants exhibit the rapid development of their leaves and stems. Pruning during this period can be beneficial as it encourages lateral branching and enhances light penetration, ultimately leading to a more robust plant structure. By selectively removing older or weaker growth, the plant can redirect its energy towards healthier shoots, which supports overall vigor. As the plant transitions into the flowering phase, usually occurring in late spring to early summer, careful timing of pruning becomes crucial. Excessive pruning at this stage can lead to stress, potentially reducing flower setting and, subsequently, fruit development. It is advisable to limit pruning to minor adjustments, focusing on removing dead or diseased material rather than substantial trimming. This approach helps to retain the plant’s natural flowering potential while ensuring that it remains healthy. Finally, during the fruiting phase, which follows flowering, minimizing disturbances is paramount. Pruning should be avoided at this stage to prevent any potential disruptions that could affect fruit development and maturation.
Compared to the results from leaf temperature analyses, recent scientific evidence suggests that transpiration, the process of water vapor loss from leaves, is also influenced by the time of day. In the morning, transpiration rates are generally lower due to cooler temperatures and higher humidity levels [44]. Pruning during this period can minimize water loss, reducing the stress on the plant. Conversely, pruning in the afternoon, when temperatures are higher and transpiration rates are at their peak, can lead to increased moisture loss and stress, thereby hampering recovery. Here, similar results were obtained, as it was also noted that the transpiration rate decreased from 6:30 to 8:10 am but then increased from 9:00 am to 13:45 pm. A small variation was noted from 14:50 to 15:15 pm, whereas the most detrimental effect was recorded from 16:00 to 16:23 pm. The selected period in this study aligned with previous studies, as Cadena-Iñiguez et al. (2001) [45] determined the diurnal pattern of gas exchange by identifying stomatal closure within the 7:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. window, and they found that CO2 fixation is based on this pattern. Before and after, the fixation rate equals the consumption rate, with a value of zero on the measuring device.
Conductance is associated with the ability of a plant to facilitate the movement of water vapor or gases through its stomata. As the leaf temperature and transpiration rates are influenced by factors such as the light intensity, temperature, and humidity, these factors also impact the conductance of chayote plants. Unlike other parameters, the transpiration rates of samples can be directly correlated with the temperature, as high temperatures have been observed to lead to increased transpiration rates. This may potentially cause stomatal closure to prevent water loss, thereby reducing conductance. Similarly, atmospheric humidity affects the gradient for water vapor diffusion; lower humidity can drive higher transpiration rates, while higher humidity can lead to reduced conductance.
GC-FID is a powerful analytical technique in terms of separating, identifying, and quantifying volatile organic compounds. The fundamental principle involves vaporizing a sample and carrying it through a column using an inert gas, where components separate based on their interactions with the stationary phase [46]. Here, it was decided to utilize GC-FID, as it possesses high sensitivity, a wide linear range, and reliability in detecting carbon-containing compounds, such as CO2. The CO2 assimilation rate of a plant species—in this case, S. edule var. virens levis—is the rate at which the plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it into organic compounds during photosynthesis. Similarly to other biochemical events, this phenomenon is significant for photosynthesis, carbon cycling, and responses to environmental changes [47]. Here, it was noted that S. edule var. virens levis plants displayed high CO2 assimilation rates, indicating their capacity for efficient photosynthesis. Still, it can be affected by various factors, such as light, temperatures, water availability, and nutrient levels. The retrieved findings can be explained by the fact that the epidermis of chayote consists of a single layer of tightly packed cells that cover the surfaces of the fruit and leaves. From a general point of view, the single layer is constituted by a waxy cuticle, which serves to minimize water loss and protect against pathogens and pests. Additionally, the epidermis contains specialized structures such as stomata, which facilitate gas exchange by allowing CO2 to enter for photosynthesis while regulating water vapor loss. The retrieved findings regarding the CO2 assimilation rate are complex compared to those of other pruned crops, as they can exhibit varying stomatal conductance, leaf area indices, and chlorophyll content, resulting in varying CO2 assimilation rates. Additionally, chayote, being a tropical vine, has evolved specific adaptations to its environment that may not be present in other pruned species.
PAR is essential in orchestrating the photosynthetic process, wherein plants convert light energy into chemical energy stored as carbohydrates. The efficiency of photosynthesis is related to the intensity and quality of light that the plant is exposed to. Optimal PAR levels can enhance chlorophyll production, promote leaf expansion, and increase biomass accumulation [48]. Conversely, insufficient PAR can lead to hampered growth, reduced yields, and poor plant health. Plant pruning influences PAR levels since the removal of branches or foliage can enhance light penetration, allowing for the effective utilization of PAR. The utilization of PAR by crops such as chayote is also modified by pruning, as it can optimize leaf-to-light ratios, thereby enhancing plant growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and yields [49]. Here, it was observed that the PAR values increased in a time-dependent manner and presented a direct association with the CO2 assimilation rates of samples. This can be attributed to the fact that pruning reduces the leaf area, leading to a temporary increase in light penetration to the remaining leaves. The association between the PAR values and the CO2 assimilation rate could also be related to the triggering of growth responses caused by pruning, which can upregulate the production of chlorophyll and substances related to photosynthetic pathways.
The respiratory intensity is the rate at which plants consume oxygen and release CO2 during the process of respiration. Comparable to other processes, respiration is required for energy production, as it converts stored carbohydrates into ATP. Pruning can enhance or decrease the respiratory intensity, as it has been documented that, following pruning, plants can redirect their energy resources toward the development of new shoots and foliage. The occurred rejuvenation can lead to an increase in respiratory intensity as the plant accelerates growth to compensate for the lost biomass [50]. The enhanced respiratory activity supports the synthesis of new tissues, ultimately leading to a more robust plant structure. Since pruning can also improve PAR and air circulation within the plant structure, the enhanced light exposure can stimulate photosynthesis in the remaining leaves, leading to an increase in carbohydrate availability and, consequently, an enhanced respiratory intensity [51]. Here, it was observed that the evaluated chayote varieties exerted variable respiratory intensities, which were classified as low (i.e., S. edule var. albus minor, nigrum conus, nigrum minor, and virens levis), medium (i.e., S. edule var. albus levis, albus spinosum, albus dulcis, virens levis, and nigrum maxima), and high (i.e., S. edule var. nigrum spinosum and nigrum xalapensis).
The retrieved variations can be related to differences in size, shape, and mesocarp characteristics. Considering the botanical descriptions presented in Table 1, varieties like S. edule var. albus minor and S. edule var. nigrum minor exhibit low respiratory intensities. Their smaller, hemispherical, or very small fruit sizes generally correlate with lower metabolic demands. The creamy white mesocarp in these varieties tends to have less fiber, which can reduce the respiration rates as there are fewer nutrients to metabolize. Additionally, their glabrous textures and minimal surface areas limit gas exchange, further contributing to lower respiratory rates. On the other hand, the medium respiratory intensities of the varieties albus levis, albus spinosum, albus dulcis, virens levis, and nigrum maxima can be related to the presence of shallow grooves, and the short peduncle allows for adequate airflow, supporting a moderate respiration rate. The slightly larger sizes compared to low-intensity varieties mean that they have more biomass to support. Contrary to the low- and medium-respiratory-intensity varieties, S. edule var. nigrum spinosum and nigrum xalapensis can exhibit high respiratory intensities due to their elongated shapes and high fiber content, which necessitate greater metabolic activity for energy production. The pronounced basal cleft and presence of spines may also enhance their exposure to air, facilitating increased gas exchange and higher respiration rates. The significant size of these fruits necessitates greater energy expenditure for growth and development, resulting in higher respiratory demands.
Plant nutrients are essential elements required for plant growth, development, and reproduction. They can be classified into macronutrients and micronutrients. The former group includes N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. The latter category encompasses Mn, B, Zn, Cu, and Mb. For plant physiology, macro- and micronutrients play diverse critical roles, such as photosynthesis, root development, flowering, and leaf growth [52]. Biochemically, macro- and micronutrients are necessary for energy transfer, osmoregulation, signal transduction, and electron transport [53]. The nutrient content of plants has significant implications for human health and disease prevention, as it can reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, when consumed as part of a balanced diet [54]. Here, it was found that chayote varieties presented variable nutrient content depending on the presence or absence of the epidermis. In this sense, it was observed that samples with an epidermis had higher content of the evaluated macro- and micronutrients. The differences in nutrient content between samples with and without an epidermis can be attributed to the fact that the epidermis serves as a protective barrier against potential damage or environmental stressors that may lead to nutrient loss. The findings presented in Figure 9 can also be attributed to the epidermis’ capacity to regulate transpiration, where its absence can increase water loss and, consequently, upregulate stress levels, leading to lower nutrient concentrations.

5. Conclusions

This study demonstrates, for the first time, the effects of pruning on physiological features and postharvest quality. It was revealed that pruning influences the leaf temperature, conductance, and CO2 assimilation rate. However, transpiration rates vary according to the pruning schedule. Consistent with these findings, this work found that pruning influenced the PAR values among samples in a time-dependent manner, which was also associated with the determined CO2 assimilation rates. Regarding nutritional quality, it was noted that the presence or not of an epidermis also modified the content of macro- and micronutrients. In this context, it was noted that chayote varieties with an epidermis were found to contain the highest nutrient content. Further approaches are required to evaluate the beneficial effects of pruning in other orchards and its advantages in preventing or managing infections caused by phytopathogens. It is essential to consider further studies when performing pruning, such as those examining soil quality, moisture levels, and nutrient availability, as these factors can represent potential confounding variables that may influence the retrieved data. Other factors that can benefit or compromise the success of pruning include water practices or fertilizer application, which can impact nutrient uptake, growth, and responses after pruning. Considering the importance of pruning in determining the quality of chayote, further studies are also required to determine its impacts on maturity, hardness, texture, and bromatological features.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.C.-I. and M.d.L.A.-G.; methodology, J.C.-I., J.F.A.-M. and C.H.A.-A.; software, D.A.C.-Z. and J.D.C.-Z.; validation, V.M.C.-S. and L.d.M.R.-P.; formal analysis, D.A.C.-Z. and C.S.-M.; investigation, J.C.-I., V.M.C.-S., D.A.C.-Z., C.H.A.-A., J.F.A.-M. and J.L.M.-M.; resources, R.M.S.-H.; data curation, J.D.C.-Z.; writing—original draft preparation, J.C.-I., M.d.L.A.-G. and J.L.M.-M.; writing—review and editing, J.C.-I., R.M.S.-H. and J.L.M.-M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

Data generated in this work can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Interdisciplinary Research Group on Sechium edule in Mexico, A.C. (GISeM), as well as the chayote producing group “Comercializadora Agroexportadora JV S.A. de C.V.” for access to their chayote plantations and for conducting evaluations, donating the evaluated fruits, and field operation personnel.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. (A) Orchards undergoing pruning, showing the difference in light in the cut area (B–D).
Figure 1. (A) Orchards undergoing pruning, showing the difference in light in the cut area (B–D).
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Figure 2. (A,B) Fruits stained by senescent leaves, (C) fruit with partial discoloration caused by a leaf, and (D) fruit with total discoloration due to general shading caused by the canopy of vines and leaves.
Figure 2. (A,B) Fruits stained by senescent leaves, (C) fruit with partial discoloration caused by a leaf, and (D) fruit with total discoloration due to general shading caused by the canopy of vines and leaves.
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Figure 3. (A) Insect eggs on the abaxial part of a leaf, (B) fruit infected by Geotrichum spp. next to a healthy fruit, and (C) leaf infested by Colletotrichum orbiculare next to a healthy fruit.
Figure 3. (A) Insect eggs on the abaxial part of a leaf, (B) fruit infected by Geotrichum spp. next to a healthy fruit, and (C) leaf infested by Colletotrichum orbiculare next to a healthy fruit.
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Figure 4. (A) Leaf temperature, (B) transpiration rate, (C) conductance, and (D) CO2 assimilation rate of S. edule var. virens levis plants under pruning treatment. Shown is the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments.
Figure 4. (A) Leaf temperature, (B) transpiration rate, (C) conductance, and (D) CO2 assimilation rate of S. edule var. virens levis plants under pruning treatment. Shown is the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments.
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Figure 5. (A) Photosynthetically active light (PAR) and (B) CO2 assimilation rate and leaf temperature recorded after pruning. Shown is the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments.
Figure 5. (A) Photosynthetically active light (PAR) and (B) CO2 assimilation rate and leaf temperature recorded after pruning. Shown is the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments.
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Figure 6. (A) Fruit that meets the International Standard and common defects in chayote (B) fruit with germinated seed (viviparity), (C) twin fruits, (D) abnormal incidence of thorns, (E–G) fruit with blisters due to premature senescence, and (H) fruit rubbing against very ripe canopy guides.
Figure 6. (A) Fruit that meets the International Standard and common defects in chayote (B) fruit with germinated seed (viviparity), (C) twin fruits, (D) abnormal incidence of thorns, (E–G) fruit with blisters due to premature senescence, and (H) fruit rubbing against very ripe canopy guides.
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Figure 7. Number of days after anthesis to reach horticultural maturity for eight varieties of Sechium edule: (A) albus dulcis, (B) albus levis, (C) albus minor, (D) nigrum conus, (E) nigrum levis, (F) nigrum minor, (G) virens levis, and (H) nigrum spinosum.
Figure 7. Number of days after anthesis to reach horticultural maturity for eight varieties of Sechium edule: (A) albus dulcis, (B) albus levis, (C) albus minor, (D) nigrum conus, (E) nigrum levis, (F) nigrum minor, (G) virens levis, and (H) nigrum spinosum.
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Figure 8. Mineral content in chayote fruits and varieties with (A) epidermis and (B) without epidermis. The albus spinosum variety has been included only as a reference. Shown is the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. Equal letters for each factor are significantly different. The albus spinosum variety has been included only as a reference.
Figure 8. Mineral content in chayote fruits and varieties with (A) epidermis and (B) without epidermis. The albus spinosum variety has been included only as a reference. Shown is the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. Equal letters for each factor are significantly different. The albus spinosum variety has been included only as a reference.
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Figure 9. Mineral content in chayote fruits and varieties with epidermis and without epidermis. The albus spinosum variety has been included only as a reference. Shown is the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. Equal letters for each factor indicate that the differences are not statistically significant. The albus spinosum variety has been included only as a reference. Panels (A–F) are associated with nutritional variabilities between samples without and with epidermis.
Figure 9. Mineral content in chayote fruits and varieties with epidermis and without epidermis. The albus spinosum variety has been included only as a reference. Shown is the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. Equal letters for each factor indicate that the differences are not statistically significant. The albus spinosum variety has been included only as a reference. Panels (A–F) are associated with nutritional variabilities between samples without and with epidermis.
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Figure 10. Absolute growth rates of edible fruits of S. edule after anthesis for horticultural maturity index. (A) albus dulcis, (B) albus levis, (C) albus minor, (D) nigrum conus, (E) nigrum levis, (F) nigrum minor, (G) virens levis, and (H) nigrum spinosum.
Figure 10. Absolute growth rates of edible fruits of S. edule after anthesis for horticultural maturity index. (A) albus dulcis, (B) albus levis, (C) albus minor, (D) nigrum conus, (E) nigrum levis, (F) nigrum minor, (G) virens levis, and (H) nigrum spinosum.
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Table 1. Representations and botanical descriptions of the chayote varieties evaluated in this study [28].
Table 1. Representations and botanical descriptions of the chayote varieties evaluated in this study [28].
SampleBotanical Description
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  • S. edule var. albus minor: very small, hemispherical, yellow fruit, 3.2 to 4.1 cm long, 3.0 to 3.3 cm wide, 2.7 to 3.2 cm thick, glabrous, without grooves, and a small, almost superficial basal fissure. Short, light green, pubescent peduncle. Creamy white mesocarp, neutral flavor, with fiber closely attached to the seed.
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  • S. edule var. albus dulcis: Small, pear-shaped, yellow fruit, 8.0–15.3 cm long, 4.8–8.8 cm wide, and 3.8–7.3 cm thick, glabrous, with five light, not very marked grooves and a shallow basal cleft. Short, glabrous, light green peduncle with longitudinal yellow–green striations. Creamy white mesocarp, slightly sweet (7.2 °Bx), with the presence of fiber moderately attached to the seed.
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  • S. edule var. albus levis: Small, obovate, yellow fruit, 6.1 to 16.6 cm long, 5.3 to 10.4 cm wide, 4.6 to 8.7 cm thick, glabrous with light, not very marked grooves and a very noticeable basal cleft. Short peduncle with low pubescence, light green with longitudinal yellow–green striations. Creamy white mesocarp, neutral or simple flavor, and presence of fiber attached to the seed.
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  • S. edule var. albus spinosum: Medium-sized, pear-shaped yellow fruit, 5.8 to 17.1 cm long, 5.0 to 12.2 cm wide, 3.6 to 9.7 cm thick, with a pronounced basal cleft, presence of spines of medium to low density, and no grooves. The mesocarp is creamy white, slightly sweet, and the fiber is moderately attached to the seed.
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  • S. edule var. nigrum minor: Very small fruit of 4.5 to 13.2 cm with an average of 7.42 cm in length, an equatorial width of 3.1 to 6.9 cm, with an average of 5.16 cm, and a depth of 2.8 to 6.2 cm, with an average of 4.64 cm; the shape can be obovate, round, pear-shaped, and gently elongated pear-shaped; light green, although they can be found in dark green (Pantone 374c, 574c and 586c), completely glabrous, with no grooves, and the basal cleft is very superficial; very low pubescence on the short peduncle, light green color. Light green mesocarp with neutral flavor and fiber moderately adhered to the seed.
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  • S. edule var. nigrum levis: Small fruit of 7.1 to 9.7 cm, average of 12.06 cm in length, equatorial width of 4.6 to 7.8 cm, with average of 6.43, and depth of 4.2 to 7.0 cm, with average of 5.76 cm; rounded shape with dark green color (Pantone 575c, 575c, and 576c), without grooves, presents a not very marked basal cleft, medium-pubescent peduncle of dark green color. Light green mesocarp with neutral flavor, with the presence of fiber adhered to the seed.
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  • S. edule var. nigrum conus: Small fruit, dark green, 5.4 to 7.1 cm and average of 6.23 cm long, equatorial width of 3.3 to 5.0 cm with average 4.36 cm, depth of 3.0 to 4.6 cm with average 3.92 cm; conical shape, light to dark green (Pantone 371c and 574c), no grooves, very shallow basal cleft, middle peduncle with low pubescence, dark green. Green mesocarp with slightly neutral flavor and occasionally slightly sweet. The seed is very attached to the mesocarp, and fiber is attached to the seed.
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  • S. edule var. virens levis: Medium to large, pear-shaped fruit, 9.3 to 18.3 cm long, 6.0 to 11.40 cm wide, and 5.40 to 9.60 cm thick. Light green (pantone 373c) with five faint grooves and a shallow basal cleft. Long peduncle with very low light green pubescence. Light green mesocarp with neutral flavor and very little fiber attached to the seed.
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  • S. edule var. nigrum xalapensis: Large, dark green, elongated pear-shaped fruit, 15.5 to 26.6 cm, 4.4 to 18 cm wide, and 4.0 to 10.7 cm thick, glabrous, five not very marked grooves, very marked basal cleft, long peduncle with medium–low dark green pubescence. Light green to dark green mesocarp, slightly sweet flavor, and very little fiber attached to the seed.
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  • S. edule var. nigrum spinosum: Large, light to dark green, pear-shaped fruit, 15.8–17.1 cm long, 5.0–12.2 cm wide, 3.6–9.7 cm thick, densely spiny (medium to high), five not very marked grooves, very pronounced basal cleft, long, sparsely pubescent peduncle. Light to dark green mesocarp, neutral to slightly sweet flavor (6.43 °Bx), and fiber very attached to the seed.
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  • S. edule var. nigrum maxima: Very large fruit, elongated and narrow shape, light green and occasionally dark green, 12.1 to 33.7 cm long, 8.1 to 11.3 cm wide, and 6.3 to 8.8 cm thick. It shows five slightly marked grooves and a very noticeable to deep basal cleft. The pubescence is low on the very short, light green peduncle. A very light green mesocarp with a neutral flavor and a lot of fiber moderately adhered to the seed.
Table 2. Classification of respiratory intensity of chayote varieties. Lowercase letters represent statistical differences between samples.
Table 2. Classification of respiratory intensity of chayote varieties. Lowercase letters represent statistical differences between samples.
Low (5–10 mL CO2 kg−1 h−1)Medium (10–15 mL CO2 kg−1 h−1)High (15–20 mL CO2 kg−1 h−1)
  • albus minor a
  • nigrum conus a
  • nigrum minor a
  • virens levis (mexicano) a
  • albus levis ab
  • nigrum levis ab
  • albus spinosum ab
  • virens levis ab
  • albus dulcis ab
  • nigrum maxima
  • nigrum spinosum c
  • nigrum xalapensis c
Table 3. Weight loss recorded in fruits of chayote varieties eight days after harvest at room temperature (20 °C). Lowercase letters represent statistical differences between samples.
Table 3. Weight loss recorded in fruits of chayote varieties eight days after harvest at room temperature (20 °C). Lowercase letters represent statistical differences between samples.
Low (>7)Medium (8–10)Hight (13–17)
  • virens levis (Mexico) a
  • virens levis (Costa Rica) ab
  • nigrum xalapensis ab
  • nigrum conus ab
  • nigrum levis ab
  • nigrum minor ab
  • albus levis ab
  • albus dulcis ab
  • nigrum spinosum c
  • albus spinosum c
  • nigrum maxima c
  • albus minor c
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MDPI and ACS Style

Cadena-Iñiguez, J.; Arévalo-Galarza, M.d.L.; Aguirre-Medina, J.F.; Avendaño-Arrazate, C.H.; Cadena-Zamudio, D.A.; Cadena-Zamudio, J.D.; Soto-Hernández, R.M.; Cisneros-Solano, V.M.; Ruiz-Posadas, L.d.M.; Soto-Mendoza, C.; et al. Chayote [Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.] Fruit Quality Influenced by Plant Pruning. Horticulturae 2025, 11, 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080965

AMA Style

Cadena-Iñiguez J, Arévalo-Galarza MdL, Aguirre-Medina JF, Avendaño-Arrazate CH, Cadena-Zamudio DA, Cadena-Zamudio JD, Soto-Hernández RM, Cisneros-Solano VM, Ruiz-Posadas LdM, Soto-Mendoza C, et al. Chayote [Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.] Fruit Quality Influenced by Plant Pruning. Horticulturae. 2025; 11(8):965. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080965

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cadena-Iñiguez, Jorge, Ma. de Lourdes Arévalo-Galarza, Juan F. Aguirre-Medina, Carlos H. Avendaño-Arrazate, Daniel A. Cadena-Zamudio, Jorge David Cadena-Zamudio, Ramón M. Soto-Hernández, Víctor M. Cisneros-Solano, Lucero del Mar Ruiz-Posadas, Celeste Soto-Mendoza, and et al. 2025. "Chayote [Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.] Fruit Quality Influenced by Plant Pruning" Horticulturae 11, no. 8: 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080965

APA Style

Cadena-Iñiguez, J., Arévalo-Galarza, M. d. L., Aguirre-Medina, J. F., Avendaño-Arrazate, C. H., Cadena-Zamudio, D. A., Cadena-Zamudio, J. D., Soto-Hernández, R. M., Cisneros-Solano, V. M., Ruiz-Posadas, L. d. M., Soto-Mendoza, C., & Mejía-Méndez, J. L. (2025). Chayote [Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.] Fruit Quality Influenced by Plant Pruning. Horticulturae, 11(8), 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080965

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