Investigating the Effect of Two Interstocks, Changshanhuyou and Ponkan, on the Fruit Quality and Volatile Flavor of Cocktail Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf. cv. Cocktail)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Sample Collection
2.2. Sample Preparation and Treatment
2.3. GC-MS Conditions
2.4. Metabolomic Data Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Biological Characteristics of Cocktail Grapefruit Grafted on Different Stocks
3.1.1. Basic Characteristics of Fruits
3.1.2. Differences in Fruit Color Grafted on Different Stocks
3.1.3. Soluble Sugars, Vitamin C, and Organic Acid in Fruits on Different Stocks
3.2. Classification of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Fruit Peel and Pulp of Cocktail Grapefruit
3.3. Differential Analysis of Cocktail Grapefruit Fruit VOCs Grafted on Different Stocks
3.4. Differential Accumulation of Volatile Flavor Substances of Fruit on Different Interstocks
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of the Interstocks on the Fruit Quality of Cocktail Grapefruit
4.2. Effect of Interstocks on Fruit Flavor Compounds
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index | Single Fruit Weight (g) | Equatorial Diameter (cm) | Fruit Height (cm) | Fruit Shape Index | Peel Thickness (mm) | TSS (Brix) | Acidity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PTY/ZK | 484.11 ± 12.91 a | 10.39 ± 0.19 a | 8.98 ± 0.15 a | 0.87 ± 0.015 a | 4.25 ± 0.97 a | 11.7 ± 0.14 b | 0.53 ± 0.001 c |
PTY/HY | 474.12 ± 21.10 a | 10.39 ± 0.17 a | 8.61 ± 0.13 b | 0.83 ± 0.017 b | 3.27 ± 0.53 b | 12.3 ± 0.08 a | 0.57 ± 0.001 b |
PTY/PK | 488.91 ± 16.79 a | 10.57 ± 0.17 a | 8.81 ± 0.15 a | 0.83 ± 0.006 b | 3.75 ± 0.43 a | 11.6 ± 0.12 b | 0.64 ± 0.002 a |
Index | L* | a* | b* | C* | H° | CCI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PTY/ZK | 69.05 ± 1.97 b | 1.25 ± 3.40 b | 67.02 ± 4.171 b | 67.12 ± 4.30 b | 87.36 ± 1.67 a | 0.22 ± 0.80 b |
PTY/HY | 76.15 ± 0.97 a | 6.89 ± 2.20 a | 72.01 ± 1.01 a | 72.36 ± 1.16 a | 84.55 ± 1.67 b | 1.26 ± 0.40 a |
PTY/PK | 69.84 ± 2.27 b | 1.02 ± 3.57 b | 64.99 ± 4.00 b | 65.07 ± 4.04 b | 87.36 ± 1.29 a | 0.19 ± 0.77 b |
Group | Compounds Name | Classification | Log2FC | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
PTY/HY vs. PTY/ZK_peel | 2-Butenal, 2-methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)- | Aldehyde | 1.62 | up |
1-Octanamine,N-methyl- | Amine | 2.00 | up | |
Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl ester, (E)- | Ester | 2.51 | up | |
Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-, 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl ester, (Z)- | Ester | 2.48 | up | |
Hexanoic acid, pentyl ester | Ester | 1.47 | up | |
1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1,2,4-triazole | Heterocyclic compound | 1.55 | up | |
2-Picoline, 6-nitro- | Heterocyclic compound | 1.49 | up | |
3,5-Dimethyldodecane | Hydrocarbons | 1.63 | up | |
3,5,9-Undecatrien-2-one, 6,10-dimethyl- | Ketone | 2.49 | up | |
Phenol, 3,5-dimethyl- | Phenol | 10.36 | up | |
2-Penten-1-ol, (Z)- | Alcohol | −1.17 | down | |
Benzaldehyde | Aldehyde | −1.42 | down | |
Benzene, 1-ethyl-3-methyl- | Aromatics | −1.29 | down | |
trans-Geranic acid methyl ester | Ester | −1.26 | down | |
2,6-Octadienoic acid, 3,7-dimethyl-, methyl ester | Ester | −1.19 | down | |
Butanoic acid, 2-butoxy-1-methyl-2-oxoethyl ester | Ester | −1.18 | down | |
1-Ethylpropyl acetate | Ester | −1.16 | down | |
Octanoic acid, methyl ester | Ester | −1.03 | down | |
PTY/PG vs. PTY/ZK_peel | Phenol, 3,5-dimethyl- | Phenol | 9.93 | up |
Indole | Heterocyclic compound | 4.88 | up | |
Bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-6-one, 2,7,7-trimethyl- | Terpenoids | 2.08 | up | |
L-Fenchone | Terpenoids | 2.05 | up | |
3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, .alpha.,4-dimethyl-.alpha.-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-, [R-(R*,R*)]- | Terpenoids | 1.62 | up | |
1-Octanamine,N-methyl- | Amine | 1.56 | up | |
Spiro[4.5]decan-7-one, 1,8-dimethyl-8,9-epoxy-4-isopropyl- | Terpenoids | 1.25 | up | |
Decane, 2,5,9-trimethyl- | Hydrocarbons | 1.24 | up | |
2-Butenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-methylpropyl ester | Ester | 1.24 | up | |
1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1,2,4-triazole | Heterocyclic compound | 1.19 | up | |
2(3H)-Furanone, 5-butyldihydro-4-methyl-, cis- | Heterocyclic compound | −1.97 | down | |
PTY/HY vs. PTY/ZK_pulp | 3,6-Nonadien-1-ol, (E,Z)- | Alcohol | 1.26 | up |
6-Nonen-1-ol, (E)- | Alcohol | 1.16 | up | |
2,6-Nonadien-1-ol | Alcohol | 1.16 | up | |
1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, 4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (S)- | Aldehyde | 17.53 | up | |
Lilac Aldehyde C | Aldehyde | 1.28 | up | |
2-Butenoic acid, 3-hexenyl ester, (E,Z)- | Ester | 2.82 | up | |
Butanoic acid, 4-hexenyl ester, (Z)- | Ester | 2.47 | up | |
2(5H)-Furanone, 5-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl- | Heterocyclic compound | 3.58 | up | |
1-Dodecene | Hydrocarbons | 3.27 | up | |
4-Undecene, 3-methyl-, (Z)- | Hydrocarbons | 1.37 | up | |
6-Octenoic acid, 3,7-dimethyl- | Acid | −2.51 | down | |
Benzaldehyde, 4-ethoxy- | Aldehyde | −2.32 | down | |
N-Benzylformamide | Amine | −2.34 | down | |
8-Azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol, 8-methyl-, endo- | Heterocyclic compound | −3.89 | down | |
Phenol, 4-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)- | Phenol | −2.34 | down | |
Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, 4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)- | Terpenoids | −2.73 | down | |
(E)-1-Methyl-4-(6-methylhept-5-en-2-ylidene)cyclohex-1-ene | Terpenoids | −2.48 | down | |
Ylangene | Terpenoids | −2.41 | down | |
(2R,8R,8aS)-8,8a-Dimethyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalene | Terpenoids | −2.35 | down | |
.alpha.-Cubebene | Terpenoids | −2.32 | down | |
PTY/PG vs. PTY/ZK_pulp | 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxAldehyde, 4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (S)- | Aldehyde | 16.89 | up |
Butanoic acid, 4-hexenyl ester, (Z)- | Ester | 1.94 | up | |
2(5H)-Furanone, 5-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl- | Heterocyclic compound | 2.95 | up | |
1-Dodecene | Hydrocarbons | 2.60 | up | |
6-Octenoic acid, 3,7-dimethyl- | Acid | −3.27 | down | |
Dodecanal | Aldehyde | −2.54 | down | |
Butanedioic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester | Ester | −2.54 | down | |
Acetic acid, decyl ester | Ester | −2.51 | down | |
Cyclohexanol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-, acetate | Ester | −2.38 | down | |
8-Azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol, 8-methyl-, endo- | Heterocyclic compound | −3.62 | down | |
2-Tetradecene, (E)- | Hydrocarbons | −2.50 | down | |
2-Undecanone, 6,10-dimethyl- | Ketone | −2.45 | down | |
Phenol, 4-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)- | Phenol | −2.38 | down | |
.alpha.-Cubebene | Terpenoids | −2.38 | down |
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Ke, F.; Nie, Z.; Huang, X.; Cui, C.; Yang, Y.; Xu, J.; Wang, L.; Sun, L. Investigating the Effect of Two Interstocks, Changshanhuyou and Ponkan, on the Fruit Quality and Volatile Flavor of Cocktail Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf. cv. Cocktail). Horticulturae 2025, 11, 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040403
Ke F, Nie Z, Huang X, Cui C, Yang Y, Xu J, Wang L, Sun L. Investigating the Effect of Two Interstocks, Changshanhuyou and Ponkan, on the Fruit Quality and Volatile Flavor of Cocktail Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf. cv. Cocktail). Horticulturae. 2025; 11(4):403. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040403
Chicago/Turabian StyleKe, Fuzhi, Zhenpeng Nie, Xiu Huang, Changjiang Cui, Yi Yang, Jianguo Xu, Luoyun Wang, and Lifang Sun. 2025. "Investigating the Effect of Two Interstocks, Changshanhuyou and Ponkan, on the Fruit Quality and Volatile Flavor of Cocktail Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf. cv. Cocktail)" Horticulturae 11, no. 4: 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040403
APA StyleKe, F., Nie, Z., Huang, X., Cui, C., Yang, Y., Xu, J., Wang, L., & Sun, L. (2025). Investigating the Effect of Two Interstocks, Changshanhuyou and Ponkan, on the Fruit Quality and Volatile Flavor of Cocktail Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf. cv. Cocktail). Horticulturae, 11(4), 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040403