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Communication

Investigation of Atraphaxis virgata, an Unexplored Medicinal Plant Rich in Flavonoids, as a Functional Material

by
Soeun Shin
1,†,
Seunghee Kim
1,†,
Jeongho Lee
1,
Hyerim Son
1,
Jin-Hyub Paik
2,
Nadezhda Gennadievna Gemejiyeva
3,
Zhanat Zhumabekovna Karzhaubekova
3,
Taek Lee
4,* and
Hah Young Yoo
1,*
1
Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
2
International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
3
Plant Resource Laboratory, Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Horticulturae 2025, 11(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010070
Submission received: 11 December 2024 / Revised: 7 January 2025 / Accepted: 8 January 2025 / Published: 10 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Horticultural Plants—2nd Edition)
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Plants of the genus Atraphaxis have been widely used as traditional herbal medicines and are just beginning to be recognized for their pharmacological activities by scientific validation. In particular, Atraphaxis virgata (Regel) Krasn. has not reported even fundamental data, such as antioxidant activity and phytochemical properties, which requires investigation for its medical application. In this study, phytochemical compounds of A. virgata extracts were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and their antioxidant activity was evaluated. As a result, A. virgata extracts were analyzed using HPLC and found to contain hesperidin 13.18 mg/g-extract, rutin 4.49 mg/g-extract, catechin 3.23 mg/g-extract, gallic acid 2.93 mg/g-extract, epicatechin-3-gallate 1.28 mg/g-extract, kaempferol 0.26 mg/g-extract, and luteolin 0.09 mg/g-extract. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis detected nine compounds (e.g., lup-20(29)-en-3-one and decane) in the extracts, which were reported to have various biological activities. The ABTS IC50, DPPH IC50, and FRAP values of A. virgata extracts were determined to be 126.57 ± 0.24 μg/mL, 42.17 ± 1.14 μg/mL, and 122.59 ± 8.79 mmol/L, respectively. This study is the first to report the antioxidant activity of A. virgata, suggesting its potential as a functional food or medicinal material.

1. Introduction

The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that 80% of developing countries still depend on traditional medicines derived from medicinal plants, and has emphasized the need for the identification and isolation of phytochemicals to understand their pharmacological activity [1]. Accordingly, various studies have reported on the detection of phytochemical compounds from unexplored medicinal plants found in various countries, such as Mongolia, and the evaluation of their bioactivities, such as antioxidant activity [2,3]. However, fundamental information on medicinal plants used in various countries have yet to be reported and studied.
The genus Atraphaxis L. spp. in the family Polygonaceae contains about 48 species and is found across a wide geographical range, from southeastern Europe and northeastern Africa to eastern Siberia, China, and Mongolia, with a particular concentration in southwestern and central Asia [4,5]. Atraphaxis L. spp. have been used as medicinal plants in some traditional medicines to treat gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea, indigestion, and abdominal pain, and to relieve symptoms of inflammation, respiratory diseases, and other conditions. Atraphaxis frutescens L. K.Koch, A. muschketowii Krasn., A. pyrifolia Bunge, A. pungens (M.Bieb.) Jaub. and Spach, and A. spinosa L. are notable for their high tannin content (up to 26%) and their rich flavonoid content (up to 23%) which includes kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, rutin, and some of its derivatives [6]. Especially, A. spinosa has been identified for its medicinal properties, and is used in folk medicine as an anti-fever remedy [7]. Recently, phytochemical identification and additional physiological activities have been reported for the use of Atraphaxis L. spp. in various industries such as food and pharmaceutical industries [4,8]. However, A. virgata (Regel) Krasn. requires extensive research for its utilization, as even fundamental data such as antioxidant activity and phytochemical properties are not reported, except for some reported antimicrobial activity [9].
In this study, to explore the potential of A. virgata as a functional material, phytochemicals in the extract were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, and its antioxidant activity was evaluated.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Chemicals

Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, sodium nitrite solution (NaNO2), L-ascorbic acid, sodium carbonate solution (Na2CO3), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzothiozoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), tripyridyl-S-triazine (TPTZ), ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O), sodium acetate trihydrate (CH3CO2Na·3H2O), gallic acid, vanillic acid, luteolin, quercetin, catechin, rutin, hesperidin, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, and vanillic acid were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Methanol, acetonitrile, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were purchased from Samchun Chemical (Seoul, Republic of Korea). Kaempferol hydrate, myricetin, and epicatechin-3-gallate were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan), and epicatechin-3-gallate was purchased from Biofron (La Mirada, CA, USA).

2.2. Plant Collection and Specimen Information

Atraphaxis virgata (Regel) Krasn. was collected from the Almaty region, Enbekshikazakh district, Zailiyskiy Alatau ridge, Turgen gorge, Kazakhstan (N 43°16′35.5″, E 077°41′59.3″). Figure 1 illustrates the plants collected and identified by Dr. Gemejiyeva N.G. at the Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction (Almaty, Kazakhstan). Voucher specimens recorded as 2198/25 were deposited at the herbarium of the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (Daejeon, Republic of Korea).

2.3. Preparation of Atraphaxis virgata Extracts

The A. virgata branches (100 g) dried in the shade and powdered were added to 1L of methanol 99.9% (HPLC grade) and extracted through 30 cycles (40 KHz, 1500 W, 15 min ultrasonication, 120 min standing per cycle) at room temperature using an ultrasonic extractor (SDN-900H, SD-ULTRASONIC Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea). After filtration (Qualitative Filter No.100, HYUNDAI MICRO Co., Ltd., Anseong-si, Republic of Korea) and drying under reduced pressure, 8.28 g A. virgata extract was obtained with a high extraction yield of 8.28%.

2.4. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis

The phytochemicals compounds in the A. virgata extracts were quantified by HPLC with a diode array detector (G7117C, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). INNO C18 column was used, and the monitoring wavelength was set at 250 nm. The analysis was performed by gradient elution using acetonitrile (mobile phase A), 0.03% phosphoric acid in DW (mobile phase B). The detailed gradient conditions were as follows: 0–5 min, 10% A: 90% B; 5–20 min, 20% A: 80% B; 20–45 min, 40% A: 60% B; 45–47 min, 75% A: 25% B; 47–50 min, 10% A: 90% B. The injection volume of the samples was 5 µL, and phytochemical standards prepared at a range of concentrations, from 0.03125 to 0.5 g/L, were also analyzed. A standard curve was created based on the analysis results of the standard, and the phytochemicals compounds in the extracts were quantified based on the curves.

2.5. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy Analysis

The phytochemical compounds present in A. virgata extracts were determined by using GC-MS according to previous studies, with modifications [10,11]. The dried extracts of A. virgata were redissolved in methanol to a final concentration of approximately 10 μg/mL. The analysis was performed using Agilent 7890A-5975C GC-single quadrupole MS (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with a DB 5MS column (0.25 mm × 0.25 µm, 30 m length). The mass spectrometer operated at an initial column temperature of 60 °C and heated up to 280 °C, and the injection volume was 1 µL. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Library database was employed to confirm the phytochemicals in the A. virgata extracts.

2.6. Determination of Total Phenolic Contents

The total phenolic content (TPC) of A. virgata extracts were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method [12]. First, 10 μL of the extracts, 790 μL of distilled water (DW), and 50 μL of Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent were mixed and reacted for 8 min in a water bath at 30 °C. Then, 150 μL of 20% Na2CO3 solution was added to the mixture and reacted at 25 °C for 1 h. After the reaction, the absorbance of the reactants was measured at 765 nm using an ultraviolet–visible (UV) spectrophotometer. Gallic acid was selected as the standard compound for the determination of the TPC of the extracts, with a concentration range of 0.2 to 0.8 g/L. A standard curve of gallic acid was constructed, and the results of TPC of A. virgata extracts were expressed as an mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g of extract.

2.7. Determination of Antioxidant Activity

2.7.1. ABTS Cation Radical Scavenging Assay

The ABTS cation radical scavenging activity of A. virgata extracts was measured according to Lee et al. [13]. First, an ABTS working solution (ABTS·+ solution) was prepared by mixing a 7 mM ABTS solution with a 2.45 mM K2S2O8 solution in a 1:1 ratio. The ABTS·+ reaction solution was diluted with methanol so that its absorbance at 734 nm was 1.0 ± 0.2. A total of 950 µL ABTS·+ was combined with 50 µL of extracts and reacted in a water bath set at 25 °C for 30 min. As a control, 50 µL of methanol was used to replace the extracts. After the reaction, the absorbance of the reactant was measured at 734 nm using a UV spectrophotometer, and the results were expressed as IC50 (µg/mL).

2.7.2. DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Assay

The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of A. virgata extracts was measured according to Lee et al. [3]. A total of 500 µL of 0.25 mM DPPH working solution and 500 µL of the extracts were mixed and reacted in a water bath at 25 °C for 30 min. As a control, 500 µL of methanol was used instead of the extracts. After the reaction, the absorbance of the reactant was measured at 517 nm using a UV spectrophotometer and the results were expressed as IC50 (µg/mL).

2.7.3. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay

The FRAP assay was used to evaluate the reducing power of A. virgata extracts. This assay is based on the principle that a pale yellow FRAP standard solution reacts with antioxidants to turn purple [14]. The FRAP standard solution was prepared by mixing 300 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 3.6), 10 mM TPTZ solution dissolved in 40 mM HCl, and 20 mM FeCl3-6H2O in a 10:1:1 ratio, and was used within 3 h. The prepared FRAP standard solution was preheated at 37 °C for 5 min before use. Then, 300 µL of distilled water, 30 µL of extracts, and 900 µL of FRAP standard solution were mixed and reacted at 37 °C for about 4 min. After the reaction, the absorbance of the reactant was measured at 593 nm, using a UV spectrophotometer. A standard curve was constructed using the standard material ascorbic acid, and FRAP values, based on the absorbance of the reactants, were calculated.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Detection of Phytochemical Compounds by HPLC Analysis

The phytochemical compounds of A. virgata extracts were quantitatively analyzed by HPLC, the results are shown in Table 1 and the HPLC chromatogram is provided in Figure S1. Here, the standards such as hesperidin, rutin, catechin, gallic acid, epicatechin-3-gallate, kaempferol, luteolin, eriocitrin, myricetin, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, and vanillic acid were used, which are known to be present in common medicinal plants containing the genus Atraphaxis. The results were expressed as mg of compounds detected in 1 g of A. virgata extracts. As a result, A. virgata extracts contained 13.18 mg/g extract hesperidin, 4.49 mg/g extract rutin, 3.23 mg/g extract catechin, 2.93 mg/g extract gallic acid, 1.28 mg/g extract epicatechin-3-gallate, 0.26 mg/g extract kaempferol, and 0.09 mg/g extract luteolin, in that order (Table 1). Other compounds, such as eriocitrin, myricetin, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, and vanillic acid, were not detected in the extracts. Recently, Umbetova et al. [9] reported the isolation of kaempferol, myricetin, and quercetin from A. virgata for the first time. However, our study is the first report to quantitatively analyze various phytochemical compounds of A. virgata extracts using HPLC.
Phenolic acids (gallic acid) and flavonoids (hesperidin, rutin, catechin, epicatechin-3-gallate, kaempferol, luteolin) were reported to contribute to various biological activities [6]. Gallic acid is a secondary metabolite found in the free state or in ester form in nature [15]. Due to its excellent antioxidant properties, it is used as a preservative in the food industry to inhibit the oxidation and rancidity of oils and fats [16], and recently, its pharmacological efficacy against various diseases, such as anticancer and cardiovascular diseases, have been reported [17]. Hesperidin (detected as 13.18 mg/g extract in this study), the highest content detected in the A. virgata extracts, has been reported to have important activities against allergies, hemorrhoids, hormonal disorders, and ulcers, as well as activities as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and free radical scavenger [18]. In addition, Kaur et al. [19] indicated that hesperidin has beneficial effects in ameliorating endotoxin-induced liver dysfunction and oxidative stress. Rutin (detected as 4.49 mg/g extract in this study), the second most abundant flavonoid in A. virgata extracts, is a flavonoid found in a variety of plants that has shown beneficial effects in diabetes by improving glycemic control and antioxidant status [20]. Additionally, it has been shown to have anti-tuberculosis, insecticidal, antimalarial, and antiviral [21]. Kaempferol (detected as 0.26 mg/g extract in this study) is found in a variety of medicinal plants and has been shown to have cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities [22]. Epicatechin-3-gallate (detected as 0.09 mg/g extract in this study), one of the catechin components, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and multi-targeted anticancer potential [23]. It is particularly effective in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis through free radical scavenging, and its antioxidant capacity is more potent than glutathione and vitamins [24]. Luteolin (detected 4.49 mg/g-extract in this study) has been reported to have antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties, and has the potential to control colorectal cancer [25]. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of A. virgata extracts as a rich source of natural phytochemical compounds, a group of flavonoids such as flavan and flavones, with superior bioactivity.

3.2. Detection of Phytochemical Compounds by GC-MS Analysis

The phytochemical compounds of A. virgata extracts were analyzed by GC-MS, and the results are shown in Table 2. It shows the retention time, library match quality, and molecular weight. As a result, nine compounds were identified by searching the NIST library. Boric acid, decane, cyclopentasiloxane, tetradecane, A′-neogammacer-22(29)-en-3-one, and lup-20(29)-en-3-one were of at least 90% quality. Dodecane and octadecanenitrile were of at least 70% quality. Dodecane is a volatile organic compound (VOC) used in various mosquito repellents, including disks, mats, and liquids [26]. The compound exhibits semiochemical, odorant, and mosquitocidal properties against mosquitoes [27]. Cyclopentasiloxane is well known for its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in various plants and is widely used in cosmetic products such as deodorants, sunscreens, hair sprays, and skin care products [28,29]. Cyclohexasiloxane were found to have antibacterial and antioxidant activity, like cyclopentasiloxane [30]. Tetradecane is known to be antifungjal, and has been found to have antibacterial, antimicrobial, and nematicidal activity [31,32]. A′-neogammacer-22(29)-en-3-one has antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic activity [33], and lup-20(29)-en-3-one has been reported to be an inhibitor of the progression of rheumatoid arthritis [34]. The present study is the first to quantify the above-mentioned bioactive compounds in A. virgata extracts by GC-MS analysis. This study highlights the potential of A. virgata extracts, which are rich in bioactive compounds.

3.3. Total Phenolic Compound and Antioxidant Properties of Atraphaxis virgata Extracts

Through HPLC and GC-MS analyses, the A. virgata extracts were found to be rich in bioactive substances. To assess the bioactivity of the A. virgata extracts, its TPC and antioxidant activity were investigated (Table 3). Analysis of the TPC showed that it contained 219.5 ± 18.37 mg of phenolic compounds per gram of extract. Phenolic compounds are a group of secondary metabolites found in nature and exhibit a wide range of biological effects, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, hepatoprotective, antithrombotic, antiviral, and anticancer activities [35]. In particular, the antioxidant activity of phenolics compounds contributes to a significant part of their biological efficacy. Antioxidant activity involves the transfer of hydrogen atoms, electrons, or metal cations that act to scavenge free radicals, and the degree of this activity depends on the number and arrangement of hydroxyl groups present in the molecule of the antioxidant [36]. Accordingly, the antioxidant activity of the A. virgata extracts was evaluated based on various standard methods. The DPPH and ABTS assays are based on the ability of antioxidants to scavenge free radicals, whereas the FRAP assay is based on the principle that antioxidants act as reducing agents by accepting electrons from transition metals [37]. The DPPH assay is reduced by accepting a hydrogen atom from an antioxidant, and the antioxidant activity of a substance is evaluated by measuring the extent to which the purple reagent changes color to yellow [38]. The ABTS assay evaluates antioxidant activity by checking the extent of decolorization of a blue-green reagent based on the principle of cationic radical scavenging [39]. FRAP is a reducing power assay in which antioxidants reduce ferric (Fe3+) ferrocyanide to Fe2+ (ferrous), resulting in a blue color [40]. DPPH and ABTS assays identify the change in absorbance values due to the reaction of the antioxidant with the working solution, and a low IC50 value indicates good antioxidant activity. In contrast, in the FRAP assay, high values indicate excellent antioxidant activity. As a result, the IC50 values of A. virgata extracts according to ABTS and DPPH assay were found to be 126.57 ± 0.24 μg/mL and 42.17 ± 1.14 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 values of the control, ascorbic acid, were found to be 50.9 ± 1.00 μg/mL and 5.78 ± 0.01 according to ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively. This result means that the antioxidant activity level of A. virgata extracts is 13.7% and 40.2% based on the results of ascorbic acid according to ABTS and DPPH assay, respectively. Meanwhile, the FRAP value of A. virgata extracts was found to be 122.59 ± 8.79 mmol/L. The antioxidant activity of A. pyrifolia extracts from the same genus as A. virgata was reported to be 124.22 ± 3.24 mg Trolox/g extract and 403.85 ± 18.49 mg Trolox/g extract by ABTS and DPPH assay, respectively [41]. Furthermore, Kustova et al. [42] reported that the IC50 value of A. replicata extracts was 3.8 μg/mL, which is approximately 48.2% of the ABTS cationic radical scavenging activity compared to ascorbic acid. This study emphasizes the fact that it is the first to report the antioxidant activity of A. virgata extracts.

4. Conclusions

The phytochemical compounds of A. virgata extracts were identified using HPLC and GC-MS, and their antioxidant activity was evaluated in this study. The following compounds were detected in the extract by HPLC analysis: hesperidin (13.18 mg/g extract), rutin (4.49 mg/g extract), catechin (3.23 mg/g extract), gallic acid (2.93 mg/g extract), epicatechin-3-gallate (1.28 mg/g extract), and kaempferol (0.26 mg/g extract). In addition, nine compounds, including lup-20(29)-en-3-one and decane, were detected by GC-MS analysis. The ABTS cation radical and DPPH free radical scavenging activities of A. virgata extracts were 13.7% and 40.2%, respectively, compared to ascorbic acid. This study was the first to report on the identification and antioxidant activity of various phytochemicals in A. virgata, and further studies are needed to explore the pharmacological effects of these compounds. Therefore, the significance of this study is that it provided an academic basis for future applications as functional foods or pharmaceutical ingredients.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/horticulturae11010070/s1, Figure S1: HPLC-DAD spectra for phytochemicals extracted from Atraphaxis virgata.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.S., S.K., T.L. and H.Y.Y.; methodology, J.L. and H.S. validation, S.S. and J.L.; formal analysis, S.K. and H.S.; investigation, J.-H.P.; resources, N.G.G. and Z.Z.K.; writing—original draft preparation, S.S. and S.K. writing—review and editing, T.L. and H.Y.Y.; supervision, H.Y.Y.; project administration, T.L. and H.Y.Y.; funding acquisition, H.Y.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) (RS-2023-00213287).

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the KRIBB Initiative Program of the Republic of Korea.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Horticulturae 11 00070 g001
Figure 1. Atraphaxis virgata (Regel) Krasn. in a nature specimen (a) and its sample voucher (b).
Figure 1. Atraphaxis virgata (Regel) Krasn. in a nature specimen (a) and its sample voucher (b).
Horticulturae 11 00070 g001
Table 1. List of phytochemicals identified in Atraphaxis virgata extracts by HPLC analysis.
Table 1. List of phytochemicals identified in Atraphaxis virgata extracts by HPLC analysis.
RT (min)Phytochemical ComponentsClassContent (mg/g-Extract)
8.055HesperidinFlavonoids (Flavan glycosides)13.18
12.779RutinFlavonoids (Flavan glycosides)4.49
15.983CatechinFlavonoids (Flavanols)3.23
17.921Gallic acidPhenolic acids2.93
18.975Epicatechin-3-gallateFlavonoids (Flavan-3-ols)1.28
26.324KaempferolFlavonoids (Flavones)0.26
31.153LuteolinFlavonoids (Flavones)0.09
Table 2. List of phytochemicals identified in Atraphaxis virgata extracts by GC-MS analysis.
Table 2. List of phytochemicals identified in Atraphaxis virgata extracts by GC-MS analysis.
No.RT (min)Quality (%)Library/IDChemical FormulaClassMolecular Weight (g/mol)
12.26991Boric acid, trimethyl esterB(OCH3)3Boron ester103.92
26.28294DecaneCH3(CH2)8CH3Alkane142.28
37.21978DodecaneCH3(CH2)10CH3Alkane170.33
48.34793Cyclopentasiloxane(CH32SiO)5Cyclic siloxane370.77
510.79280Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl(CH32SiO)6Cyclic siloxane444.92
612.23591TetradecaneCH3(CH2)12CH3Alkane198.39
720.0468OctadecanenitrileCH3(CH2)17CNNitrile265.5
822.27393A′-Neogammacer-22(29)-en-3-oneC30H48OTriterpene424.7
923.8495Lup-20(29)-en-3-oneC30H48OTriterpene424.7
Table 3. Antioxidant content and antioxidant activity of Atraphaxis virgata extracts.
Table 3. Antioxidant content and antioxidant activity of Atraphaxis virgata extracts.
A. virgata ExtractsAscorbic Acid
TPC (mg GAE/g extract)219.5 ± 18.37-
ABTS IC50 (μg/mL)126.57 ± 0.2450.9 ± 1.00
DPPH IC50 (μg/mL)42.17 ± 1.145.78 ± 0.01
FRAP value (mmol/L)122.59 ± 8.79-
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Shin, S.; Kim, S.; Lee, J.; Son, H.; Paik, J.-H.; Gemejiyeva, N.G.; Karzhaubekova, Z.Z.; Lee, T.; Yoo, H.Y. Investigation of Atraphaxis virgata, an Unexplored Medicinal Plant Rich in Flavonoids, as a Functional Material. Horticulturae 2025, 11, 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010070

AMA Style

Shin S, Kim S, Lee J, Son H, Paik J-H, Gemejiyeva NG, Karzhaubekova ZZ, Lee T, Yoo HY. Investigation of Atraphaxis virgata, an Unexplored Medicinal Plant Rich in Flavonoids, as a Functional Material. Horticulturae. 2025; 11(1):70. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010070

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shin, Soeun, Seunghee Kim, Jeongho Lee, Hyerim Son, Jin-Hyub Paik, Nadezhda Gennadievna Gemejiyeva, Zhanat Zhumabekovna Karzhaubekova, Taek Lee, and Hah Young Yoo. 2025. "Investigation of Atraphaxis virgata, an Unexplored Medicinal Plant Rich in Flavonoids, as a Functional Material" Horticulturae 11, no. 1: 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010070

APA Style

Shin, S., Kim, S., Lee, J., Son, H., Paik, J.-H., Gemejiyeva, N. G., Karzhaubekova, Z. Z., Lee, T., & Yoo, H. Y. (2025). Investigation of Atraphaxis virgata, an Unexplored Medicinal Plant Rich in Flavonoids, as a Functional Material. Horticulturae, 11(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010070

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