β-Glucan Degradation During Malting of Different Purpose Barley Varieties
by
, , , , and
Kristina Habschied
1,*
,
Alojzije Lalić
2, 
Daniela Horvat
2,
Krešimir Mastanjević
1,*
,
Jasmina Lukinac
1,
Marko Jukić
1 and
Vinko Krstanović
1 1
Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
2
Agricultural Institute Osijek, Južno predgrađe 17, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fermentation 2020, 6(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6010021
Submission received: 27 December 2019
/
Revised: 28 January 2020
/
Accepted: 4 February 2020
/
Published: 6 February 2020
Abstract
:The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of predicting the concentration of β-glucan from starting barley and malt, as well as malt and wort for different types and purpose of barley groups. The strength of the correlation between types and purpose of barley groups was determined between the values of β-glucans and other indicators of cytolytic degradation. Statistically significant correlations were obtained for β-glucans in barley-malt (r = 0.9717) and barley-wort (r = 0.9998) for brewing (B w-tr) and brewing/feed winter two-row (B/Fe w-tr) varieties, and for brewing/brewing feed/feed spring varieties (B/B-Fe/Fe w-tr) between barley and Δm (Δm = β-glucan difference between barley and malt) (r = 0.8779). For the dual-purpose varieties (B/Fe w-tr), a strong correlation for β-glucans was found between malt and wort (r = 0.8188), malt and Δm* (Δm* = % of degraded β-glucan in malt in regard to the starting β-glucan in barley) (r = −0.9099), as well as Δm and Δm* (r = 0.9951). The results indicate that the starting concentration of β-glucan in barley and malt can be used as predictors of their concentration in wort only in brewing and dual-purpose (brewing-feed) varieties.
1. Introduction
Malting is a process of forced germination, conducted in order to degrade starch molecules and to obtain certain levels of amylolytic and proteolytic enzymes which are important in brewing. In short, the grains are soaked in water, left to germinate, and the germination is then halted by drying with hot air. During malting, it is important to ensure the degradation of the polysaccharide components of the endosperm cell walls in order to obtain the sufficiently deep modification of the grain for satisfactory brewing performance. Better malting performance is associated with lower levels of β-glucan content in grains and higher levels of β-glucanase in malted barley [1,2,3,4,5]. The high starting content of β-glucan in barley can lead to insufficient degradation of cell walls, which in turn hinders the diffusion of enzymes produced during the mobilization of kernel reserves and disrupts many quality parameters of finished malt. The levels of β-glucan in wort are influenced by their initial concentration in malt and β-glucanase activity during germination but can also be affected by the malting process itself [1]. In order to avoid the process problems associated with the elevated content of β-glucan (poor lautering performance and colloidal (in) stability of the finished beer), the main objective of optimizing the malting process, with respect to β-glucans, is to obtain their low concentration in the wort and, consequently, in the beer [6,7]. However, it is very difficult to optimize the malting process for multiple quality indicators because some are mutually exclusive (i.e., deep β-glucan degradation is regularly accompanied by enhanced proteolysis, etc.). For this reason, brewers rely on barley varieties proven for malting and brewing properties. They are relatively reliable for the prediction of the final concentration of β-glucan in malt and wort, based on the knowledge of their starting concentration in barley. Recently, the emergence of new winter dual-purpose barley varieties (brewery, livestock, and B/Fe) have resulted in several acceptable varieties in brewing practice [8]. Dual-purpose two-row barley varieties show higher yields (tons per hectar) as compared with malting barley varieties, which makes these varieties attractive to barley growers. According to Broderick et al. [9], two-row barley results with malt exhibit higher extract, are lighter in color, and have lower enzyme content than the six-row type. Upon Croatia’s entry into the European Union (EU), the Croatian market has been opened to malting barley varieties. For varieties that have shown good quality indicators for brewing and were so-far labeled as feed varieties, the Croatian Varietal Commission has allowed dual-purpose labeling.
The aim of this paper is to determine the confidence level for predicting the degradation of β-glucan in chosen varieties during malting.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Barley Samples
All available barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties of the Agricultural Institute Osijek were selected for this investigation. A total of 25 varieties were included as follows: feed winter two-row (Fe w-tr) as Group 1; dual-purpose varieties brewing-feed winter two-row (B/Fe w-tr) as Group 2; brewing (B w-tr) as Group 3; feed winter six-row (Fe w-sr) as Group 4; brewing, feed-brewing and feed spring two-row (B s-tr, B/Fe s-tr, Fe s-tr) as Group 5; and naked barley (H) as Group 6. All varieties tested were obtained from variety trials conducted under the same conditions and at the same location (Osijek) in order to maximize the equal impact of environmental and agrotechnical factors on them. Sampling was performed on cleaned and processed barley grains according to the EBC (European Brewery Convention) 3.3.1. method [10] and the samples were kept refrigerated in sterile dry containers. Grain samples (10 kg per sample) were collected as untreated and conditioned grain (according to the EBC 3.3.1. method) and packed in double-walled paper bags. Until micro malting, the material was stored for two months in a dry and cool place (20 °C) to overcome post-harvest grain dormancy.
2.2. Micro Malting
Micro malting was conducted in a micro malting plant (Joe White Malting Systems Pty Limited in East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) using an Automatic Micro Malt Unit, 10 kg capacity, according to the procedure shown in Table 1. After micro malting, the degermination was performed manually. Malt was stored for one month in order to stabilize the moisture content. Malting was done in duplicate for each variety.
2.3. β-Glucan Analysis
The determination of total β-glucan content in barley was conducted in accordance with EBC Method 3.11.1, in accordance with EBC Method 4.16.1 for malt, and EBC Method 8.11.1. for wort [10]. First, the barley samples were milled using a standard laboratory mill with a 1 mm sieve (MF10.2 basic, IKA Labortechnik, Freiburg, Germany) and after that, using a DLFU Mill Buhler 0.2 mm. The ground samples were kept in sealed plastic bags until the enzymatic determination of total β-glucan content. Mixed linkage β-glucan assay kit purchased from Megazyme Int., Bray, Ireland was used for β-glucan quantification. Congress worts were prepared according to EBC Method 4.5.1. Friability, extract, extract difference, and wort viscosity (indicators of cytolitic degradation) were also determined in the samples. The analyses of malt quality indicators were performed accordingly to EBC [10] and MEBAK (Middle European Brewing Analysis Commission) [11] methods. The analysis, for each sample, was done in triplicate.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was carried out using Statistica Ver. 8.0 (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). Data analysis of the raw materials, micro malting, and finished malt quality indicators were done in triplicates. The same parameters were subjected to correlation analysis (Pearson´s correlation test) in order to determine possible statistically meaningful relationships.
3. Results and Discussion
From the data presented in Table 2 and Table 3, it can be seen that the range of β-glucan concentrations in the tested varieties (3.18% to 5.49%) differed significantly by individual tested varieties and by the tested cultivar groups. Brewing (B w-tr) and about 50% of the dual-purpose (brewing/feed) varieties (B/Fe w-tr) resulted with recommended concentrations of β-glucan in barley (4%) [2,12]. The average value for the tested varieties (B/Fe w-tr) was 3.90%, which was significantly lower than the concentration in the control varieties (Casanova and Sandra), but slightly higher than in the strictly brewing varieties (B w-tr) (Table 3). The obtained results are in agreement with the average values obtained in previous research by Krstanović et al. [12], in 2016. This confirms that the β-glucan content is a relatively stable and predominantly genotypically determined variety trait, although other factors (i.e., climatic conditions, agrotechnical measures, and soil type) can also contribute to the total β-glucan content in barley [13]. The determined shares of β-glucan by type and end-use group of varieties showed expected values. It is evident from Table 2 and Table 3 that the feed varieties (Fe w-tr) showed higher concentrations of β-glucan, but some B/Fe w-tr varieties had shares similar to that of the Fe w-tr varieties (Table 2). The β-glucan molecules are subjected to degradation during the germination phase when the cytolytic degradation takes place. The β-glucan degradation has to be conducted in such a way to provide the satisfactory extract content. However, it is important to ensure that soluble β-glucan (as well as other undesirable constituents such as soluble and high molecular weight N) stays within the recommended limits. Therefore, it is important to keep the β-glucan degree of degradation (in its absolute amount of β-glucan in malt and Δm) and the percentage of β-glucan reduction in the grain (Δm*) as high as possible. From the results obtained for β-glucan content in malt, Δm and respectively Δm* (Table 3) it can be seen that brewing (B w-tr) and two-row spring varieties exhibited the best degradation results with respect to the initial concentration of β-glucan in the grain. Dual-purpose control varieties, previously established as good malting varieties, Sandra and Casanova, showed somewhat lower results. The worst results for β-glucan degradation were determined in naked, winter six-row and feed varieties. Domestic B/Fe w-tr varieties also showed very low degradation degree. According to existing literature, the expected and desirable β-glucan degradation can reach approximately 50% to 60% [1,14,15], but maximally 80% [16].
Although these results are not conditioned only by genotype, but rather by a number of factors related to the process conditions during malting [1,2], it can be stated that the degradation degree for the tested dual-purpose varieties should be at least 70%.
The main goal of malting process optimization with respect to β-glucan content is to obtain the lowest possible concentrations in wort and, consequently, in beer. Depending on the recommendations, the results shown in Table 2 and Table 3 are considered good, acceptable, or unacceptable because the recommendations significantly differ from one another. Edney et al. [17] reported wort β-glucan content ranging from 60 to 140 mg/L for Canadian barley varieties. Although, for brewers, there are no recommendations regarding the total β-glucan content in malt, the recommendation for wort is <200 mg/L [18].
The American Malting Barley Association is even more stringent and recommends that β-glucan concentrations in the wort should not exceeded 100 mg/L for two-row barleys, whereas the limit for six-row barley is <120 mg/L [19]. However, in everyday practice, higher values are tolerated, i.e., the IGB (Institute & Guild of Brewing) has reported a limit of <200 mg/L [20], whereas the EBC [10] tolerates <250 mg/L. According to this, the expected good results were obtained for the B w-tr (Vanessa and Tiffany) and the two-row spring varieties (s-tr B/B-Fe/Fe). Pivarac, a spring variety, showed an extremely low value for β-glucan content in wort. Some of the tested dual-purpose B/Fe w-tr varieties showed acceptable values. All other varietal groups resulted with high content of β-glucan in wort. Although the tested B/Fe w-tr varieties had a starting concentration of β-glucan similar to the control varieties, a significantly lower β-glucan degradation occurred which resulted in higher concentrations in malt and, consequently, in wort (Table 2). In this case, the tested B/Fe w-tr varieties exhibited a significantly lower degree of degradation as compared with the B/Fe w-tr control varieties and brewing varieties (Table 2 and Table 3), with Maestro showing the best value.
In order to obtain the results for a reliable prediction of β-glucan concentration in wort, based on its concentration in barley and malt, it is necessary to establish a strong correlation between these parameters. In Table 4, a statistically significant correlation between the β-glucan share in barley, malt, and wort and its degradation degree during malting (Δm and Δm*) for different purpose varieties is presented. A strong positive correlation between malt/wort in Group 1 (Fe w-tr) was found. For the B/Fe w-tr and B w-tr varieties, strong positive correlations were determined for concentrations of β-glucan between barley and malt, as well as barley and wort. As expected, a negative correlation between β-glucan concentrations in malt and the degree of degradation Δm* was also established. For B/Fe w-tr (control) and B w-tr varieties, strong positive correlations were obtained between the starting barley and malt, and between malt and wort. For these varieties, a strong correlation between malt/wort was expected [17,21], but a very high correlation between barley/malt and barley/wort was a bit surprising. These varieties serve as longstanding standards in the brewing barley selection and are used strictly for brewing purposes, thus, a reliable prediction of β-glucan degradation and its final concentration in wort can be obtained. In the case of B/B-Fe/Fe s-tr spring varieties, a strong positive correlation was found only between the concentration of β-glucan in barley and its degradation in the absolute amount (Δm). Indicators of the cytolytic degradation and the percentage loss of β-glucan from barley to malt (Δm*) were determined for the tested assortment, the values of which are shown in Table 5. With respect to the individual values, it can be observed that the tested B/Fe w-tr varieties have a significantly lower friability than recommended (>80%). The B/Fe w-tr control varieties and B w-tr varieties were borderline acceptable, whereas most B/Fe w-tr varieties did not show satisfactory values. The other tested varieties also showed a similar trend. When used in conjunction with other analyses that indicated malt modification, friability was a great tool that indicated lautering performance because slow lautering was often a consequence of under-modification of malts which lead to increased viscosity. A strong negative correlation between friability and extract difference for B/Fe w-tr, Fe w-tr, and B/B-Fe/Fe s-tr varieties was established, however, this was not found for other groups of varieties (Table 6). Extract difference is an indicator of endosperm cell walls degradation efficiency. High quality malt has an extract difference <1.80%, whereas extract difference >1.80% defines malt as a moderate quality [8]. A satisfactory value for this indicator was obtained only for the Pivarac variety. A strong negative correlation between Δm*/friability was expected but was also not reported for the other groups. The expected strong negative correlation of friability/extract difference was only determined for B/Fe w-tr and B/B-Fe/Fe s-tr varieties. Correlations obtained between coarse extract, extract fine, and extract difference were also expected. Although the authors are aware of the fact that the current literature deviates from the use of standard congress mashing procedure applied in this research for β-glucan determination and that the performance indicator extract difference (extract fine/coarse) according to EBC and MEBAK is nowadays eliminated from the assessment of brewing malt, some brewers or malsters still use the old performance parameters. Therefore, the values of the extract difference are still presented in this paper. A viscosity value <1.53 mPas represents a very good level of degradation, while >1.68 mPas indicates a weaker degradation level [22]. Satisfactory results were obtained only for the B w-tr varieties, Cassanova from the B/Fe w-tr group, and Pivarac and Ikar from the B/B-Fe/Fe s-tr group. There was no variety from the B/Fe w-tr and B/Fe w-tr controls that showed satisfactory results for this indicator. The Casanova variety was closest to the above recommended value. Correlation analysis did not determine the dependence of the degradation rate of β-glucan and the viscosity of the obtained wort for any of the examined group of varieties.
Considering the results obtained for β-glucan and other indicators, we conclude from the correlation analyses results that the tested dual-purpose varieties range shows the expected values for the area of the Pannonian Plain where the phenomenon of the so-called “forced maturation” (accelerated aging) is common and has an adverse effect on numerous grain quality indicators of almost all grains [23].
The results obtained in this study indicate that the depth of β-glucan degradation under the same process conditions during malting is predominantly a variety trait. For each dual-purpose variety, tests should be conducted in a statistically relevant time period on a representative number of samples and only, then, based on the starting data for their concentration in the starting barley, the depth of β-glucan degradation during malting and their expected concentration in the wort could be predicted with sufficient certainty.
The results obtained in this study indicate that the depth of β-glucan degradation under the same process conditions during malting is predominantly a variety trait. For each dual-purpose variety, tests should be conducted in a statistically relevant time period on a representative number of samples and only, then, based on the starting data for their concentration in the starting barley, the depth of β-glucan degradation during malting and their expected concentration in the wort could be predicted with sufficient certainty.
4. Conclusions
A high positive correlation for β-glucan concentrations between barley-malt and barley-wort was determined, but only for the B w-tr and B/Fe w-tr control group of cultivars, whereas for the malt-wort it was found in the above groups and in Fe w-tr and dual-purpose B/Fe w-tr varieties. A high negative correlation for the degree of degradation of β-glucan Δm* and their concentration in malt was established for the dual-purpose B/Fe w-tr and B w-tr and B/Fe w-tr control groups studied. On the basis of the results obtained, we conclude that the starting concentration of β-glucan in barley and malt can be the basis for the prediction of their concentration in finished wort only in breweries and already proven dual-purpose varieties, whereas for the other examined groups it is missing. In newly selected dual-purpose cultivars, this prediction cannot be made based on baseline data for β-glucan concentration in barley.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, V.K.; methodology, A.L. and D.H.; software, K.M. and M.J.; writing—original draft preparation, V.K.; writing—review and editing, K.H. and J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Table 1.
The applied micro malting scheme of barley samples.
| Steeping | Micro Malting Stage | Air Flow (%) | T (°C) | t (h) | |
| immersion steeping | - | 16 | 5 | ||
| dry steeping | 100 | 17 | 12 | ||
| immersion steeping | - | 17 | 6 | ||
| dry steeping | 100 | 18 | 12 | ||
| immersion steeping | - | 17 | 2 | ||
| dry steeping | moisture correction to 44.5% by spraying with water | ||||
| Germination | germination parameters | 75 | 17 | 96 | |
| turning over time: 2 number of rotations during turn over: 3 | |||||
| Kilning | first phase | 100 | 60 | 6 | |
| second phase | 100 | 65 | 3 | ||
| third phase | 90 | 68 | 2 | ||
| fourth phase | 90 | 70 | 2 | ||
| fifth phase | 50 | 80 | 2 | ||
| sixth phase | 50 | 83 | 2 | ||
| seventh phase | 40 | 85 | 1 | ||
Table 2.
Shares and mass difference for β-glucan content in barley, malt, and wort.
| Group | Type/End use | Variety | Moisture (%) | β-glucan | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (g/100 g d.m.) | (%) | (mg/L) | ||||||||
| Barley | Malt | Barley | Malt | Δm | Δm* | Wort | ||||
| 1 | Fe/w-tr | 1 | Bravo | 10.56 ± 0.00 | 7.44 ± 0.01 | 4.22 ± 0.10 | 1.69 ± 0.06 | 2.53 ± 0.04 | 60.0 ± 1.31 | 268.40 ± 0.70 |
| 2 | Bingo | 10.70 ± 0.00 | 7.54 ± 0.04 | 4.07 ± 0.05 | 2.72 ± 0.02 | 1.35 ± 0.03 | 33.2 ± 0.47 | 303.23 ± 1.41 | ||
| 3 | Maxim | 11.14 ± 0.06 | 7.69 ± 0.02 | 4.05 ± 0.03 | 2.54 ± 0.03 | 1.51 ± 0.06 | 37.3 ± 1.23 | 288.86 ± 0.50 | ||
| 4 | Rex | 10.86 ± 0.01 | 7.03 ± 0.02 | 5.49 ± 0.14 | 2.90 ± 0.07 | 2.59 ± 0.07 | 47.2 ± 0.10 | 323.18 ± 0.25 | ||
| 5 | Tuna | 10.79 ± 0.01 | 7.77 ± 0.07 | 4.14 ± 0.07 | 2.16 ± 0.04 | 1.98 ± 0.03 | 47.8 ± 0.14 | 295.09 ± 0.20 | ||
| 2 | B-Fe/w-tr | 6 | Barun | 10.71 ± 0.07 | 7.64 ± 0.01 | 3.52 ± 0.02 | 1.63 ± 0.04 | 1.89 ± 0.02 | 53.7 ± 0.82 | 205.34 ± 0.71 |
| 7 | Lukas | 11.47 ± 0.04 | 7.48 ± 0.08 | 4.13 ± 0.07 | 1.87 ± 0.14 | 2.26 ± 0.07 | 54.7 ± 0.95 | 317.33 ± 0.24 | ||
| 8 | Gazda | 10.84 ± 0.11 | 7.49 ± 0.02 | 3.86 ± 0.09 | 2.61 ± 0.07 | 1.25 ± 0.05 | 32.4 ± 0.61 | 334.95 ± 0.64 | ||
| 9 | Maestro | 10.91 ± 0.02 | 7.25 ± 0.01 | 4.17 ± 0.21 | 1.53 ± 0.02 | 2.64 ± 0.20 | 63.3 ± 1.12 | 247.23 ± 0.75 | ||
| 10 | Osk. 6.61-4-13 | 11.14 ± 0.05 | 7.75 ± 0.01 | 3.18 ± 0.08 | 1.91 ± 0.02 | 1.27 ± 0.05 | 40.0 ± 0.69 | 210.01 ± 0.83 | ||
| 11 | Casanova+ | 11.77 ± 0.00 | 7.44 ± 0.05 | 3.92 ± 0.03 | 1.05 ± 0.03 | 2.87 ± 0.02 | 73.2 ± 0.81 | 153.39 ± 0.91 | ||
| 12 | Sandra+ | 11.43 ± 0.04 | 7.62 ± 0.02 | 4.55 ± 0.04 | 1.85 ± 0.04 | 2.7 ± 0.02 | 59.3 ± 0.47 | 237.59 ± 0.67 | ||
| 3 | B/w-tr | 13 | Vanessa | 11.85 ± 0.03 | 7.54 ± 0.01 | 3.63 ± 0.42 | 1.02 ± 0.03 | 2.61 ± 0.39 | 72.0 ± 0.88 | 110.71 ± 0.70 |
| 14 | Tiffany | 11.70 ± 0.06 | 7.54 ± 0.02 | 3.55 ± 0.35 | 0.83 ± 0.03 | 2.72 ± 0.33 | 76.6 ± 0.98 | 100.15 ± 0.80 | ||
| 4 | Fe/w-sr | 15 | Titan | 11.28 ± 0.09 | 7.46 ± 0.00 | 4.09 ± 0.07 | 1.96 ± 0.10 | 2.13 ± 0.14 | 52.0 ± 1.01 | 287.60 ± 1.15 |
| 16 | Lord | 11.15 ± 0.05 | 7.58 ± 0.04 | 4.07 ± 0.14 | 2.05 ± 0.07 | 2.02 ± 0.15 | 49.6 ± 0.89 | 268.85 ± 0.74 | ||
| 17 | Oliver | 11.38 ± 0.08 | 7.94 ± 0.00 | 4.22 ± 0.15 | 1.87 ± 0.14 | 2.35 ± 0.04 | 55.7 ± 0.94 | 264.72 ± 0.81 | ||
| 5 | B/Fe/B-Fe/s-tr | 18 | Matej | 11.33 ± 0.03 | 7.66 ± 0.06 | 4.06 ± 0.14 | 1.27 ± 0.07 | 2.79 ± 0.09 | 68.7 ± 0.62 | 235.27 ± 1.02 |
| 19 | Stribor | 11.02 ± 0.06 | 5.53 ± 0.06 | 4.18 ± 0.07 | 0.83 ± 0.03 | 3.35 ± 0.04 | 80.0 ± 0.35 | 179.46 ± 0.75 | ||
| 20 | Jaran | 11.37 ± 0.03 | 7.64 ± 0.12 | 4.15 ± 0.10 | 1.40 ± 0.07 | 2.75 ± 0.03 | 52.8 ± 0.93 | 192.41 ± 0.72 | ||
| 21 | Ikar | 11.11 ± 0.00 | 7.29 ± 0.05 | 4.50 ± 0.21 | 1.35 ± 0.05 | 3.15 ± 0.17 | 70.0 ± 0.51 | 149.65 ± 0.76 | ||
| 22 | Dado | 10.73 ± 0.01 | 7.37 ±0.13 | 5.11 ± 0.08 | 1.22 ± 0.11 | 3.89 ± 0.04 | 76.0 ± 1.06 | 155.22 ± 0.80 | ||
| 23 | Pivarac | 11.53 ± 0.08 | 7.29 ± 0.04 | 4.80 ± 0.21 | 0.83 ± 0.07 | 3.97 ± 0.19 | 82.7 ± 0.35 | 80.70 ± 0.49 | ||
| 6 | H | 24 | Osvit | 11.51 ± 0.08 | 7.21 ± 0.02 | 4.83 ± 0.09 | 2.78 ± 0.06 | 2.12 ± 0.04 | 42.5 ± 0.15 | 312.86 ± 0.75 |
| 25 | Osk. 5.119-10-12 | 11.33 ± 0.11 | 7.29 ± 0.06 | 4.51 ± 0.20 | 2.93 ± 0.14 | 1.58 ± 0.07 | 35.0 ± 0.19 | 280.47 ± 0.33 | ||
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 = group of varieties; B, Fe, Fe-B, H = end use of varieties; w-tr, w-sr, s-tr, H = tip of varieties; + = dual-purpose B/Fe control varieties; Δm = Δm β-glucan (barley-malt); Δm* = % of degraded β-glucan in malt in regards to the starting β-glucan in barley; all values are shown as average ± SD.
Table 3.
The average share and mass difference in β-glucan content in barley, malt, and wort by tested purpose groups.
Table 3.
The average share and mass difference in β-glucan content in barley, malt, and wort by tested purpose groups.
| Group/Type/End Use | β-glucan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (g/100 g d.m.) | (%) | (mg/L) | |||
| Barley | Malt | Δm | Δm* | Wort | |
| 1 Few-tr | 4.39 ± 0.55 | 2.40 ± 0.46 | 1.99 ± 0.53 | 45.3 ± 10.12 | 295.75 ± 18.97 |
| 2 B/Few-tr B/Few-tr CONTROL | 3.90 ± 0.43 4.24 ± 0.23 | 1.78 ± 0.44 1.45 ± 0.43 | 2.12 ± 0.65 2.79 ± 0.48 | 54.4 ± 13.14 65.8 ± 12.15 | 243.69 ± 61.45 195.49 ± 22.13 |
| 3 B w-tr B w-tr + B/Fe w-tr CONTROL | 3.59 ± 0.32 3.91 ± 0.45 | 0.93 ± 0.11 1.19 ± 0.21 | 2.66 ± 0.32 2.72 ± 0.29 | 74.1 ± 3.75 69.6 ± 2.65 | 105.43 ± 6,12 150.46 ± 7.11 |
| 4 Few-sr | 4.13 ± 0.36 | 2.0 ± 0.38 | 2.13 ± 0.58 | 51.6 ± 11.79 | 273.72 ± 56.76 |
| 5 (B/B-Fe/Fe)s-tr | 4.47 ± 0.38 | 1.15 ± 0.25 | 3.32 ± 0.39 | 74.3 ± 6.44 | 165.45 ± 49.07 |
| 6 (H) | 4.67 ± 0.26 | 2.86 ± 0.11 | 1.81 ± 0.29 | 38.8 ± 4.23 | 296.67 ± 18.55 |
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 = group of varieties; B, Fe, Fe-B, H = end use of varieties; w-t,w-sr, s-tr, H = type of varieties; Δm = Δm β-glucan (barley-malt); Δm* = % of degraded β-glucan in malt in regards to the starting β-glucan in barley; all values are shown as average ± SD.
Table 4.
Statistically significant correlation between the β-glucan share in barley, malt, and wort and its degradation degree during malting (Δm and Δm*) for different purpose varieties (Pearson correlation matrix).
Table 4.
Statistically significant correlation between the β-glucan share in barley, malt, and wort and its degradation degree during malting (Δm and Δm*) for different purpose varieties (Pearson correlation matrix).
| Group of Varieties | Type/End Use | Parameters | r |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fe w-tr | malt:wort | 0.8971 |
| 2 | B/Fe w-tr | malt:wort | 0.8188 |
| malt:Δm* | −0.9099 | ||
| Δm:Δm* | 0.9523 | ||
| 2 + 3 | B/Fe w-trcontrol + B w-tr | barley:malt | 0.9717 |
| barley:wort | 0.9998 | ||
| malt:wort | 0.9668 | ||
| malt:Δm* | −0.9951 | ||
| 5 | B/B-Fe/Fe s-tr | barley:Δm | 0.8779 |
r = correlation coefficient; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 = group of varieties; B, Fe, Fe-B, H = end use of varieties; w-tr,w-sr, s-tr, H = tip of varieties; Δm = Δm β-glucan (barley-malt); Δm* = % of degraded β-glucan in malt in regards to the starting β-glucan in barley.
Table 5.
Malt quality indicators.
| End Use/Type | No Varieties | Friability (%) | Extract Coarse (%) | Extract Fine (%) | Extract Difference (%) | Viscosity (mPas) | ||
| 1 | Few-tr | 1 | Bravo | 52.42 ± 0.11 | 74.93 ± 0.29 | 79.17 ± 0.14 | 4.24 ± 0.02 | 2.290 ± 0.04 |
| 2 | Bingo | 36.70 ± 0.09 | 72.86 ± 0.14 | 78.84 ± 0.21 | 5.98 ± 0.03 | 2.257 ± 0.06 | ||
| 3 | Maxim | 22.78 ± 0.17 | 72.78 ± 0.21 | 79.09 ± 0.16 | 6.30 ± 0.05 | 2.369 ± 0.09 | ||
| 4 | Rex | 13.94 ± 0.10 | 68.86 ± 0.15 | 77.64 ± 0.23 | 8.78 ± 0.03 | 2.338 ± 0.10 | ||
| 5 | Tuna | 32.18 ± 0.14 | 69.78 ± 0.12 | 76.98 ± 0.25 | 7.20 ± 0.01 | 1.870 ± 0.05 | ||
| 2 | B-Few-tr | 6 | Barun | 45.68 ± 0.14 | 73.26 ± 0.13 | 77.69 ± 0.19 | 4.44 ± 0.09 | 1.713 ± 0.11 |
| 7 | Lukas | 44.54 ± 0.08 | 74.57 ± 0.08 | 80.35 ± 0.24 | 5.79 ± 0.02 | 2.157 ± 0.05 | ||
| 8 | Gazda | 37.70 ± 0.21 | 71.59 ± 0.28 | 77.76 ± 0.33 | 6.17 ± 0.03 | 2.080 ± 0.12 | ||
| 9 | Maestro | 59.80 ± 0.28 | 75.58 ± 0.19 | 80.02 ± 0.20 | 4.44 ± 0.03 | 1.983 ± 0.09 | ||
| 10 | Osk.6.61-4 | 50.40 ± 0.11 | 75.00 ± 0.16 | 79.77 ± 0.26 | 4.77 ± 0.01 | 1.784 ± 0.04 | ||
| 11 | Casanova | 64.90 ± 0.32 | 71.65 ± 0.31 | 79.48 ± 0.11 | 2.07 ± 0.01 | 1.6536 ± 0.10 | ||
| 12 | Sandra | 60.60 ± 0.20 | 71.09 ± 0.24 | 80.27 ± 0.22 | 3.32 ± 0.05 | 1.9759 ± 0.09 | ||
| 3 | Bw-tr | 13 | Vanessa | 66.94 ± 0.23 | 70.98 ± 0.20 | 79.57 ± 0.17 | 2.80 ± 0.04 | 1.5191 ± 0.04 |
| 14 | Tiffany | 69.30 ± 0.19 | 70.89 ± 0.31 | 79.26 ± 0.31 | 2.59 ± 0.01 | 1.5162 ± 0.07 | ||
| 4 | Fewsr | 15 | Titan | 41.02 ± 0.13 | 72.17 ± 0.27 | 78.14 ± 0.25 | 5.97 ± 0.03 | 2.107 ± 0.10 |
| 16 | Lord | 40.82 ± 0.19 | 75.47 ± 0.14 | 79.72 ± 0.18 | 4.25 ± 0.02 | 1.987 ± 0.05 | ||
| 17 | Oliver | 36.28 ± 0.10 | 72.08 ± 0.26 | 78.71 ± 0.12 | 6.62 ± 0.05 | 1.911 ± 0.08 | ||
| 5 | B/ Fe/ B-Fe/s-tr | 18 | Matej | 55.36 ± 0.22 | 77.51 ± 0.11 | 81.46 ± 0.36 | 3.96 ± 0.03 | 1.818 ± 0.12 |
| 19 | Stribor | 57.92 ± 0.14 | 71.84 ± 0.32 | 81.44 ± 0.30 | 3.74 ± 0.01 | 1.8415 ± 0.09 | ||
| 20 | Jaran | 56.36 ± 0.17 | 66.43 ± 0.21 | 78.21 ± 0.26 | 6.29 ± 0.01 | 1.6873 ± 0.10 | ||
| 21 | Ikar | 68.80 ± 0.29 | 79.02 ± 0.12 | 81.93 ± 0.39 | 2.91 ± 0.04 | 1.714 ± 0.10 | ||
| 22 | Dado | 66.44 ± 0.17 | 71.83 ± 0.34 | 81.18 ± 0.25 | 3.63 ± 0.07 | 1.6989 ± 0.08 | ||
| 23 | Pivarac | 78.14 ± 0.13 | 74.61 ± 0.29 | 82.14 ± 0.30 | 1.67 ± 0.08 | 1.5567 ± 0.10 | ||
| 6 | H | 24 | Osvit | 14.88 ± 0.33 | 73.80 ± 0.18 | 83.31 ± 0.29 | 9.51 ± 0.06 | 3.220 ± 0.11 |
| 25 | Osk.5.119 | 34.80 ± 0.21 | 76.10 ± 0.25 | 82.96 ± 0.19 | 6.87 ± 0.09 | 2.669 ± 0.12 | ||
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 = group of varieties; B, Fe, Fe-B, H = end use of varieties; w-tr, w-sr, s-tr,H = tip of varieties; + = dual-purpose B/Fe control varieties; all values are shown as average ± SD.
Table 6.
Statistically significant correlation between the established quality indicators of malt and β-glucan loss from barley to malt (Δm*) for different end use varieties (Pearson correlation matrix).
Table 6.
Statistically significant correlation between the established quality indicators of malt and β-glucan loss from barley to malt (Δm*) for different end use varieties (Pearson correlation matrix).
| Group of Varieties | Type/End Use | Indicator | r |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fe w-tr | friability:extract diff. | −0.9039 |
| extract fine:extract coarse | 0.8917 | ||
| extract fine:extr. diff. | −0.9643 | ||
| 2 | B/Fe w-tr | Δm*:friability | 0.8614 |
| Δm*:extract diff. | −0.7956 | ||
| friability:extract diff. | −0.9247 | ||
| 5 | B/B-Fe/Fe s-tr | Δm*:extract fine | 0.8626 |
| Δm*:extr. diff. | −0.8664 | ||
| friability:extr. diff. | −0.9595 | ||
| ext. fine:extract coarse ext. fine:extract diff. | 0.8228 −0.9286 |
r = correlation coefficient; 1, 2, 5, 6 = group of varieties; B, Fe, Fe-B, H = end use of varieties; w-tr, w-sr, s-tr = tip of varieties; Δm = Δm β-glucan (barley-malt); Δm* = % of degraded β-glucan in malt in regards to the starting β-glucan in barley.
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Habschied, K.; Lalić, A.; Horvat, D.; Mastanjević, K.; Lukinac, J.; Jukić, M.; Krstanović, V. β-Glucan Degradation During Malting of Different Purpose Barley Varieties. Fermentation 2020, 6, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6010021
AMA Style
Habschied K, Lalić A, Horvat D, Mastanjević K, Lukinac J, Jukić M, Krstanović V. β-Glucan Degradation During Malting of Different Purpose Barley Varieties. Fermentation. 2020; 6(1):21. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6010021
Chicago/Turabian StyleHabschied, Kristina, Alojzije Lalić, Daniela Horvat, Krešimir Mastanjević, Jasmina Lukinac, Marko Jukić, and Vinko Krstanović. 2020. "β-Glucan Degradation During Malting of Different Purpose Barley Varieties" Fermentation 6, no. 1: 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6010021
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