Analysis of Core Annular Flow Behavior of Water-Lubricated Heavy Crude Oil Transport
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Numerical Simulation
3. Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions
3.1. Governing Equations
3.2. Inlet Boundary Condition
3.3. Outlet Boundary Condition
4. Near-Wall Treatment for the LES Model
5. Physical Model and Meshing
6. Results and Discussion
6.1. Sudden Expansion Model
6.2. Sudden Contraction Model
6.3. Development of Core Annular Flow
6.4. Fouling at Sudden Expansion
6.5. Hydrodynamic Study
7. Conclusions
- Oil–water CAF was predicted using CFD calculations with ANSYS Fluent 13.0 for 0.6 m horizontal pipe length contractions and expansions.
- Based on convergence, the prediction of the oil–water CAF pattern, and the smoothness of the interface, the VOF multiphase model with the LES model and two equations turbulent model was chosen.
- To determine the ideal mesh size to use in the simulation process, unstructured mesh research was accomplished.
- A drastic change in pressure of 4000 Pa is observed near the plane of area change when the superficial flow velocity of water is 0.6 m/s in a sudden contraction pipe. This change in pressure is for the water velocity of 0.3 m/s, which is 6000 Pa.
- The change in pressure observed near the plane of area change in the sudden expansion pipe is marginally less compared to the sudden contraction pipe.
- Predictions of pressure based on various flow velocities were noted. It is evident that as velocity rises, the pressure gradient does as well.
- The split water layer and wavy interface of the oil–water system were completely predicted by the CFD simulation, but separated oil layers were not accurately predicted. Therefore, before simulating other stratified points, such issues should be resolved.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Anderson, J.D. Computational Fluid Dynamics; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Anderson, D.; Tannehill, J.C.; Richard, H.; Pletcher, H.; Ramakanth, M.; Shankar, V. Computational Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer, 4th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Chung, T.J. Computational Fluid Dynamics; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Verteeg, H.; Malalasekera, W. An Introduction to Computational Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method; Longman Group Ltd.: London, UK, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Smagorinsky, J.S. General circulation experiments with the primitive equations, part I: The basic experiment. Mon. Weather. Rev. 1963, 91, 99–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lilly, D.K. The representation of small-scale turbulence in numerical simulation experiments. In Proceedings of the IBM scientific Computing Symposium on Environmental Sciences IBM Data Processing Division, Whithe Plains, NY, USA, 14–16 November 1966; pp. 195–210. [Google Scholar]
- Deardorff, J.W. The use of sub-grid transport equations in a three-dimensional model of atmospheric turbulence. J. Fluids Eng. 1973, 95, 429–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deardorff, J.W. A numerical study of three-dimensional turbulent channel flow at large Reynolds numbers. J. Fluid Mech. 1970, 41, 453–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deardroff, J.W. Three-dimensional numerical study of the height and mean structure of a heated planetary boundary layer. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. 1974, 7, 81–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schumann, U. Sub-grid scale model for finite difference simulations of turbulent flows in plane channel. J. Comput. Phys. 1975, 18, 376–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, W.P. Coupled Compressible and Incompressible Finite Volume Formulations for the Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow with and without Heat Transfer. Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Herring, J.R. Sub-grid scale modeling—An introduction and overview. In Turbulent Shear Flows I; Durst, F., Launder, B.E., Schmidt, F.W., Whitelaw, J.H., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 1979; pp. 347–352. [Google Scholar]
- Patankar, S.V. Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow; Hemisphere: Washington, DC, USA, 1980. [Google Scholar]
- Lilly, D.K. On the Application of the Eddy Viscosity Concept in the Inertial Sub-Range of Turbulence; National Center for Atmospheric Research: Boulder, CO, USA, 1966. [Google Scholar]
- Bartosiewicz, Y.; Duponcheel, M. Large-eddy simulation: Application to liquid metal fluid flow and heat transfer. In Thermal Hydraulics Aspects of Liquid Metal Cooled Nuclear Reactors; Woodhead Publishing: Sawston, UK, 2019; pp. 245–271. [Google Scholar]
- Pope, S.B. Large-eddy simulation using projection onto local basis functions. In Fluid Mechanics and the Environment: Dynamical Approaches; Lumley, J.L., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Kaushik, V.; Ghosh, S.; Das, G.; Das, P. CFD simulation of core annular flow through sudden contraction and expansion. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2012, 86–87, 153–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sagaut, P. Large Eddy Simulation for Incompressible Flows, and Introduction; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany; New York, NY, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Sagaut, P.; Deck, S. Large eddy simulations for aerodynamics: Status and perspectives. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2009, 367, 2849–2860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rogallo, R.S.; Moin, P. Numerical simulation of turbulent flows. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1984, 16, 99–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Galperin, B.; Orszag, S.A. (Eds.) Large Eddy Simulation of Complex Engineering and Geophysical Flows; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Lesieur, M.; M’etais, O. New trends in large-eddy simulations of turbulence. Annu. Rev. Fluid. Mech. 1996, 28, 45–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meneveau, C.; Katz, J. Scale-invariance and turbulence models for large-eddy simulation. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2000, 415, 1–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Unger, F.; Friedrich, R. Large Eddy Simulation of Fully-developed Pipe Flow. In Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows, Munich, Germany, 9–11 September 1991; pp. 1931–1936. [Google Scholar]
- Eggels, J.G.M. Direct and Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow in Cylindrical Pipe Geometry. Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Orlandi, P.; Fatica, M. Direct simulations of turbulent flow in a pipe rotating about its axis. J. Fluid Mech. 1997, 343, 43–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Unger, F.; Friedrich, R. Large eddy simulation of fully-developed turbulent pipe flow. In Flow Simulation of High Performance Computers I; Hirschel, E.H., Ed.; NNFM: Zorneding, Germany, 1991; Volume 38, pp. 201–216. [Google Scholar]
- Eggles, J.G.M.; Nieuwstadt, F.T.M. Large-eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow in an Axially Rotating Pipe. In Proceeding of the 9th Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows, Kyoto, Japan, 16–18 August 1993; pp. 3101–3104. [Google Scholar]
- Boersma, B.J.; Nieuwstadt, F.T.M. Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow in a Curved Pipe. Trans. ASME 1996, 118, 248–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Z.-Y. Large Eddy Simulation of Fully Developed Turbulent Flow in a Rotating Pipe. Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 2000, 33, 681–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kawamura, H.; Nakamura, S.; Satake, S.; Kunugi, T. Large Eddy Simulations of Turbulent Heat Transfer in a Concentric Annulus. Therm. Sci. Eng. 1994, 2, 16–25. [Google Scholar]
- Satake, S.; Kawamura, H. Large eddy simulation of turbulent flow in concentric annuli with a thin inner rod. In Turbulent Shear Flow 9; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 1995; pp. 259–281. [Google Scholar]
- Rudman, M.; Blackburn, H.M. Large Eddy Simulation of turbulent pipe flow. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference of CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, 6–8 December 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, X. Large Eddy Simulation of Compressible Turbulent Pipe Flow with Heat Transfer. Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, J.; Jiang, F.; Yan, J. Study on Flow Characteristics of Annual Flow in Sudden Expansion and Contract Pipe. In Proceedings of the International Petroleum and Petrochemical Technology Conference, Beijing, China, 31 May–2 June 2023; Volume 5, pp. 169–185. [Google Scholar]
- Camarri, S.; Salvetti, M.V. On the Approximate Treatment of Wall Boundary Conditions in Large-Eddy Simulation; Technical Report ADIA 2002-3; Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Pisa: Pisa, Italy, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Camarri, S.; Salvetti, M.V. Towards the Large-Eddy Simulation of Complex Engineering Flows with Unstructured Grids; Technical Report RR-3844; INRIA: Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt, France, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Sunday, N.; Settar, A.; Chetehouna, K.; Gascoin, N. Numerical study and sensitivity analysis of two-phase oil-water flow and heat transfer in different flowline orientations using OpenFOAM. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 2022, 40, 102465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, L.; Du, C.; Wang, H.; Zhao, J. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of heat transfer and flow of waxy crude oil in inclined pipe. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 2022, 37, 102237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stephen, B. Pope. Ten questions concerning the large-eddy simulation of turbulent flows. New J. Phys. 2004, 6, 35. [Google Scholar]
- Piomelli, U.; Ferziger, J.H.; Moin, P. Models for Large Eddy Simulations of Turbulent Channel Flows Including Transpiration; Technical Report TF-32; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University: Stanford, CA, USA, 1987. [Google Scholar]
- Piomelli, U. Large-eddy simulations: Where we stand. In Advances in DNS/LES; Liu, C., Liu, Z., Eds.; AFOSR: Arlington, VA, USA, 1997; pp. 93–104. [Google Scholar]
Unit | |||
---|---|---|---|
, ambient | |
to 0.005 | |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jadidi, S.A.; Moolya, S.; Satheesh, A. Analysis of Core Annular Flow Behavior of Water-Lubricated Heavy Crude Oil Transport. Fluids 2023, 8, 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids8100267
Jadidi SA, Moolya S, Satheesh A. Analysis of Core Annular Flow Behavior of Water-Lubricated Heavy Crude Oil Transport. Fluids. 2023; 8(10):267. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids8100267
Chicago/Turabian StyleJadidi, Salim Al, Shivananda Moolya, and Anbalagan Satheesh. 2023. "Analysis of Core Annular Flow Behavior of Water-Lubricated Heavy Crude Oil Transport" Fluids 8, no. 10: 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids8100267
APA StyleJadidi, S. A., Moolya, S., & Satheesh, A. (2023). Analysis of Core Annular Flow Behavior of Water-Lubricated Heavy Crude Oil Transport. Fluids, 8(10), 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids8100267