Genetic Algorithm Based Optimization of Wing Rotation in Hover
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Wing Model and Kinematics
2.2. Experimental Setup
2.3. Optimization
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PIV | particle image velocimetry |
LED | light-emitting diode |
The following symbols are used in this manuscript: | |
c | chord length |
L | lift force |
D | drag force |
stroke torque | |
pitch torque | |
stroke power | |
pitch power | |
P | aerodynamic power |
lift coefficient | |
drag coefficient | |
power coefficient | |
f | wing stroke frequency |
k | reduced frequency |
distance between the stroke axis and the wing’s root | |
R | wingspan |
radius of the wing’s second moment of area | |
radius of the drag’s point of application | |
Reynolds number | |
average wing tip velocity | |
geometric angle between the wing’s chord and the vertical axis | |
pitching rate | |
efficiency | |
kinematic viscosity | |
density | |
stroke amplitude | |
stroke angular velocity |
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Parameters | Honeybee [3] | Hawkmoth [3] | Hoverfly [32] | Model [31] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wing stroke frequency | f | () | 232 | 26 | 166 | 0.25 |
Wing chord | c | () | 3 | 18.3 | 2.4 | 34 |
Wing span | R | () | 10 | 48.3 | 9.03 | 107 |
Stroke amplitude | () | 91 | 115 | 148.2 | 180 | |
Reduced frequency | k | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.32 | 0.32 | |
Reynolds number | 1412 | 5885 | 620 | 2510 |
minimum | 20° | 30° | 30° | 20° | |||
maximum | 60° | 80° | 80° | 60° |
efficiency optimization | |||||||
initial population | |||||||
third population | |||||||
final population | |||||||
lift optimization | |||||||
initial population | |||||||
third population | |||||||
final population |
efficiency optimization | ||
initial population | ||
third population | ||
final population | ||
lift optimization | ||
initial population | ||
third population | ||
final population |
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Gehrke, A.; De Guyon-Crozier, G.; Mulleners, K. Genetic Algorithm Based Optimization of Wing Rotation in Hover. Fluids 2018, 3, 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids3030059
Gehrke A, De Guyon-Crozier G, Mulleners K. Genetic Algorithm Based Optimization of Wing Rotation in Hover. Fluids. 2018; 3(3):59. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids3030059
Chicago/Turabian StyleGehrke, Alexander, Guillaume De Guyon-Crozier, and Karen Mulleners. 2018. "Genetic Algorithm Based Optimization of Wing Rotation in Hover" Fluids 3, no. 3: 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids3030059