The Influence of Calcium Ions and pH on Fluoride Release from Commercial Fluoride Gels in an In Vitro Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
Results of Statistical Analysis of Fluoride Release and pH Assessment
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Liquids Used for Incubation
4.2. Evaluated Fluoride Gels
Name of the Product (Abrr.) | Manufacturer | Lot/Batch Number | Composition | Fluoride Form and Amount | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clarben | Clarben, Madrit, Spain | D240325 | Purified water, FD & Red no. 40, saccharin sodium, sodium benzoate, titanium dioxide, alpha-tocopherol acetate, citric acid monohydrate, xylitol, magnesium aluminum silicate, xanthan gum, phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, polysorbate 20 | NaF 12,300 ppm | [42] |
Flairesse | DMG Dental, Hamburg, Germany | 304852 | Water, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium fluoride, phosphoric acid, xylitol, additives | NaF 12,300 ppm | [43] |
Lunos | Dürr Dental, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany | 389542 | Water, sorbitol, sodium fluoride, disodium hydrogen phosphate, hydrogenated castor oil (PEG-40), hydroxyethyl cellulose, phosphoric acid, sodium saccharin, flavor | NaF 12,300 ppm | [44] |
4.3. Methodology of Fluoride Release and pH Assessment
4.4. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Effect | p-Value | ƞ2 |
---|---|---|
Fluoride release | ||
Intercept | <0.001 | 0.999 |
Gel | <0.001 | 0.988 |
Ca presence | <0.001 | 0.960 |
Initial pH | <0.001 | 0.864 |
Gel*Ca presence | <0.001 | 0.871 |
Gel*Initial pH | <0.001 | 0.756 |
Ca presence*Initial pH | <0.001 | 0.953 |
Gel*Ca presence*Initial pH | <0.001 | 0.882 |
pH change | ||
Intercept | <0.001 | 1.000 |
Gel | <0.001 | 0.999 |
Ca presence | <0.001 | 0.998 |
Initial pH | <0.001 | 0.993 |
Gel*Ca presence | <0.001 | 0.996 |
Gel*Initial pH | <0.001 | 0.997 |
Ca presence*Initial pH | <0.001 | 0.996 |
Gel*Ca presence*Initial pH | <0.001 | 0.991 |
Fluoride release in water vs. in saliva | ||
Intercept | <0.001 | 0.997 |
Water/Saliva | <0.001 | 0.663 |
Gel | <0.001 | 0.959 |
Ca presence | 0.6 | 0.001 |
Water/Saliva*Gel | <0.001 | 0.138 |
Water/Saliva*Ca presence | 0.022 | 0.023 |
Gel*Ca presence | 0.41 | 0.008 |
Water/Saliva*Gel*Ca presence | <0.001 | 0.062 |
No. | Solution | pH [a.u.] | Concentration of Ca2+ [mg/mL] | Origin/Composition/Supplier |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tap water | 8.08 | 0.0860 * | Sourced from ul. Chałubińskiego 3, Wrocław, Poland |
2 | Demineralized water | 6.51 | 0.0 | Stapar (Żnin, Poland) |
3 | NaCl * | 6.96 | 0.0 | 0.9% NaCl solution based on demineralized water from pt.2 |
4 | Artificial saliva with calcium ions ** | 4,5; 6.0; 7.0; 7.5 | 0.2476 | Solution based on demineralized water from pt.2 containing 1 g/L of urea, 0.4 g/L of NaCl, 0.4 g/L of KCl, 0.908 g/L of CaCl2·2H2O, 0.78 g/L of NaH2PO4·2H2O, and 0.005 g/L of Na2S·9H2O |
5 | Artificial saliva without calcium ions ** | 4,5; 6.0; 7.0; 7.5 | 0.0 | Solution based on demineralized water from pt.2 containing 1 g/L of urea, 0.4 g/L of NaCl, 0.4 g/L of KCl, 0.78 g/L of NaH2PO4·2H2O, and 0.005 g/L of Na2S·9H2O |
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Piszko, P.J.; Kulus, M.; Piszko, A.; Kiryk, J.; Kiryk, S.; Kensy, J.; Małyszek, A.; Michalak, M.; Dobrzyński, W.; Matys, J.; et al. The Influence of Calcium Ions and pH on Fluoride Release from Commercial Fluoride Gels in an In Vitro Study. Gels 2025, 11, 486. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070486
Piszko PJ, Kulus M, Piszko A, Kiryk J, Kiryk S, Kensy J, Małyszek A, Michalak M, Dobrzyński W, Matys J, et al. The Influence of Calcium Ions and pH on Fluoride Release from Commercial Fluoride Gels in an In Vitro Study. Gels. 2025; 11(7):486. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070486
Chicago/Turabian StylePiszko, Paweł J., Michał Kulus, Aleksandra Piszko, Jan Kiryk, Sylwia Kiryk, Julia Kensy, Agata Małyszek, Mateusz Michalak, Wojciech Dobrzyński, Jacek Matys, and et al. 2025. "The Influence of Calcium Ions and pH on Fluoride Release from Commercial Fluoride Gels in an In Vitro Study" Gels 11, no. 7: 486. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070486
APA StylePiszko, P. J., Kulus, M., Piszko, A., Kiryk, J., Kiryk, S., Kensy, J., Małyszek, A., Michalak, M., Dobrzyński, W., Matys, J., & Dobrzyński, M. (2025). The Influence of Calcium Ions and pH on Fluoride Release from Commercial Fluoride Gels in an In Vitro Study. Gels, 11(7), 486. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070486