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Volume 11
Issue 7
10.3390/gels11070487
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

A Scientific Framework for Comparing Hyaluronic Acid Filler Crosslinking Technologies

by
Anto Puljic
1,
Konstantin Frank
2,
Joel Cohen
3,
Karine Otto
1,
Josef Mayr
1,
Andreas Hugh-Bloch
1 and
David Kuroki-Hasenöhrl
1,*
1
Croma-Pharma GmbH, Cromazeile 2, 2100 Leobendorf, Austria
2
Center of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
3
AboutSkin Dermatology and Aesthetics, Greenwood Village, CO 80111, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Gels 2025, 11(7), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070487 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 21 May 2025 / Revised: 18 June 2025 / Accepted: 20 June 2025 / Published: 23 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Gels (2nd Edition))
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Abstract

Hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers represent a cornerstone of modern esthetic medicine, providing a minimally invasive solution for facial volume restoration and skin rejuvenation. However, the diversity of available products, each utilizing distinct crosslinking technologies, presents a challenge for objective comparison and clinical decision making. This study introduces a scientific framework to evaluate and categorize the physicochemical properties of HA fillers based on two key parameter groups: dynamic parameters (e.g., rheology and gel content) and consistency parameters (e.g., extrusion force, water uptake, and gel particle size). Using standardized methodologies, 23 commercially available fillers from five major manufacturers were analyzed, enabling cross-technology comparisons. The findings reveal how specific crosslinking approaches influence the rheological behavior, handling characteristics, and potential clinical applications. By offering an integrated and reproducible assessment, this work helps practitioners select the most suitable filler for individualized treatment plans and encourages manufacturers to enhance product transparency through harmonized testing protocols.
Keywords: hyaluronic acid filler; rheology; gel content; gel particle size; extrusion force; physicochemical properties hyaluronic acid filler; rheology; gel content; gel particle size; extrusion force; physicochemical properties
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MDPI and ACS Style

Puljic, A.; Frank, K.; Cohen, J.; Otto, K.; Mayr, J.; Hugh-Bloch, A.; Kuroki-Hasenöhrl, D. A Scientific Framework for Comparing Hyaluronic Acid Filler Crosslinking Technologies. Gels 2025, 11, 487. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070487

AMA Style

Puljic A, Frank K, Cohen J, Otto K, Mayr J, Hugh-Bloch A, Kuroki-Hasenöhrl D. A Scientific Framework for Comparing Hyaluronic Acid Filler Crosslinking Technologies. Gels. 2025; 11(7):487. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070487

Chicago/Turabian Style

Puljic, Anto, Konstantin Frank, Joel Cohen, Karine Otto, Josef Mayr, Andreas Hugh-Bloch, and David Kuroki-Hasenöhrl. 2025. "A Scientific Framework for Comparing Hyaluronic Acid Filler Crosslinking Technologies" Gels 11, no. 7: 487. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070487

APA Style

Puljic, A., Frank, K., Cohen, J., Otto, K., Mayr, J., Hugh-Bloch, A., & Kuroki-Hasenöhrl, D. (2025). A Scientific Framework for Comparing Hyaluronic Acid Filler Crosslinking Technologies. Gels, 11(7), 487. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070487

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