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Article

Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing Monascus Pigment Production in Monascus ruber CICC41233

by
Yan Wang
1,
Weiwei Wu
1,
Xiaoshu Wu
1,
Weiyu Li
1,
Jingjing Cui
2,* and
Chuannan Long
1,3,*
1
School of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
2
Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
3
Analysis and Testing Center, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Fungi 2025, 11(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11010049
Submission received: 14 December 2024 / Revised: 3 January 2025 / Accepted: 7 January 2025 / Published: 9 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monascus spp. and Their Relative Products)
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Abstract

The addition of acetic acid to Monascus ruber cultures is usually used to inhibit the growth of heterotrophic bacteria; however, we found that acetic acid also promotes the growth of M. ruber CICC41233, as well as the synthesis of Monascus pigments (MPs). Compared with no acetic acid or HCl addition, the diameter of M. ruber CICC41233 colonies increased significantly under acetic acid conditions. On the sixth day of fermentation, the yield of total pigments in M. ruber increased significantly by 9.97 times (compared with no acetic acid) and 13.9 times (compared with hydrochloric acid). The transcriptomics data showed that the differentially expressed genes between M. ruber with acetic acid and without acetic acid were mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, and that these differentially expressed genes were not involved in amino acid metabolism. Gene expression analysis showed that the relative expression levels of MP synthesis genes (MpPKS5, MppA, MpFasB, MppB, MppD, and MppR2) were significantly up-regulated under acetic acid conditions. This study clarified the metabolic mechanism of acetic acid promoting the growth of M. ruber and the synthesis of MPs, which provided some theoretical guidance for the large-scale production of MPs in the industry in future.
Keywords: Monascus ruber; Monascus pigments; acetic acid; transcriptome analysis Monascus ruber; Monascus pigments; acetic acid; transcriptome analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, Y.; Wu, W.; Wu, X.; Li, W.; Cui, J.; Long, C. Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing Monascus Pigment Production in Monascus ruber CICC41233. J. Fungi 2025, 11, 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11010049

AMA Style

Wang Y, Wu W, Wu X, Li W, Cui J, Long C. Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing Monascus Pigment Production in Monascus ruber CICC41233. Journal of Fungi. 2025; 11(1):49. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11010049

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Yan, Weiwei Wu, Xiaoshu Wu, Weiyu Li, Jingjing Cui, and Chuannan Long. 2025. "Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing Monascus Pigment Production in Monascus ruber CICC41233" Journal of Fungi 11, no. 1: 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11010049

APA Style

Wang, Y., Wu, W., Wu, X., Li, W., Cui, J., & Long, C. (2025). Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid Increasing Monascus Pigment Production in Monascus ruber CICC41233. Journal of Fungi, 11(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11010049

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