Epiphytic Yeasts and Bacteria as Candidate Biocontrol Agents of Green and Blue Molds of Citrus Fruits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Citrus Fruits
2.2. Fungal Pathogens
2.3. Epiphytic Yeasts and Bacteria
2.4. In Vitro Screening of Isolates
2.5. Antagonistic Activity on Citrus Fruits
2.6. Molecular Identification of Yeast and Bacterial Isolates and Phylogenetic Tree Construction
2.7. Effectiveness of Isolates in Reducing Orange Fruit Decay
2.8. Effect of Treatments on Postharvest Quality of Oranges
2.9. Mechanisms of Action of Isolates Selected as Candidate BCAs
2.9.1. Hydrolytic Enzymatic Activity of Isolates Selected as Candidate BCAs
2.9.2. Ability of Isolates Selected as Candidate BCAs to Produce Volatile Organic Compounds
2.9.3. Biofilm Formation
2.9.4. PCR Detection of Genes Encoding for Antibiotic Biosynthesis
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Screening of Microorganisms for In Vitro Antagonistic Activity
3.2. Bioassay on Citrus Fruits
3.3. Identification of Selected Microorganisms
3.4. Decay Due to Natural Infections
3.5. Hydrolytic Enzymes
3.6. Effect of VOCs Produced by Candidate BCAs
3.7. Biofilm Formation
3.8. Detection of Genes Encoding for Antibiotics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Isolates | P. digitatum K7 Mycelial Growth Inhibition (%) | P. italicum K2 Mycelial Growth Inhibition (%) |
---|---|---|
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S15 | 76 ± 2 a | 45 ± 2 b |
B. subtilis S57 | 60 ± 0 b | 73 ± 2 a |
B. pumilus S67 | 60 ± 0 b | 32 ± 7 c |
Candida oleophila L12 | 32 ± 5 c | 20 ± 6 c |
Debaryomyces hansenii L16 | 28 ± 5 c | 20 ± 6 c |
Treatment ab | Weight Loss (%) | Fruit Firmness Variation (%) | TSSs Variation (%) | TA Variation (%) | Ascorbic Acid Variation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S57 | 22.63 a | 49.27 bc | 5.05 g | 31.82 b | 2.90 a |
IMZ | 24.14 b | 29.200 ab | 1.56 f | 40.37 d | 7.40 d |
S15 | 25.98 c | 29.03 ab | −4.66 a | 36.62 c | 3.65 b |
L12 | 26.80 d | 11.57 a | 0.30 c | 77.03 g | 2.72 a |
S67 | 27.36 d | 33.61 ab | 0.45 e | 45.53 e | 3.84 b |
L16 | 29.19 e | 61.71 c | 0 b | 0.72 a | 2.90 a |
Control | 30.43 f | 31.19 ab | 0.33 d | 61.73 f | 4.76 c |
Strains | Enzymatic Activity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mananase | Amylase | Protease | Cellulase | Chitinase | Pectinase | Urease | |
S15 | + | + | + | + | + | + | - |
S57 | + | + | + | + | - | + | - |
S67 | + | - | + | - | - | - | - |
L12 | + | - | - | + | - | - | - |
L16 | + | - | - | + | - | + | - |
Isolates | % Reduction of P. digitatum K7 Colony Diameter | % Reduction of P. italicum K2 Colony Diameter |
---|---|---|
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S15 | 61 ± 0.01 a | 54 ± 0.00 a |
B. subtilis S57 | 60 ± 0.00 a | 51 ± 0.05 a |
B. pumilus S67 | 47 ± 0.02 b | 51 ± 0.01 a |
Debaryomyces hansenii L16 | 41 ± 0.01 c | 6 ± 0.00 c |
Candida oleophila L12 | 7 ± 0.05 d | 41 ± 0.01 b |
Isolates | Optical Density (OD) |
---|---|
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S15 | 0.20 ± 0.35 c |
B. subtilis S57 | 0.26 ± 0.39 c |
B. pumilus S67 | 0.29 ± 0.00 c |
Candida oleophila L12 | 0.91 ± 0.28 a |
Debaryomyces hansenii L16 | 0.75 ± 0.24 b |
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Hammami, R.; Oueslati, M.; Smiri, M.; Nefzi, S.; Ruissi, M.; Comitini, F.; Romanazzi, G.; Cacciola, S.O.; Sadfi Zouaoui, N. Epiphytic Yeasts and Bacteria as Candidate Biocontrol Agents of Green and Blue Molds of Citrus Fruits. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 818. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080818
Hammami R, Oueslati M, Smiri M, Nefzi S, Ruissi M, Comitini F, Romanazzi G, Cacciola SO, Sadfi Zouaoui N. Epiphytic Yeasts and Bacteria as Candidate Biocontrol Agents of Green and Blue Molds of Citrus Fruits. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(8):818. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080818
Chicago/Turabian StyleHammami, Rania, Maroua Oueslati, Marwa Smiri, Souhaila Nefzi, Mustapha Ruissi, Francesca Comitini, Gianfranco Romanazzi, Santa Olga Cacciola, and Najla Sadfi Zouaoui. 2022. "Epiphytic Yeasts and Bacteria as Candidate Biocontrol Agents of Green and Blue Molds of Citrus Fruits" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8: 818. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080818