β-Galactosidase-Producing Isolates in Mucoromycota: Screening, Enzyme Production, and Applications for Functional Oligosaccharide Synthesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Microorganisms
2.2. Chromogenic Agar Test for β-Galactosidase Activity Screening
2.3. β-Galactosidase Production in Submerged and Solid Cultures
2.4. β-Galactosidase Activity Assay
2.5. Determination of the Protein Content
2.6. Partial Purification of β-Galactosidases
2.7. Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins
2.8. Enzymatic Synthesis Assay
2.9. HPLC-MS/MS Analysis of Carbohydrates
2.10. Growth-Promoting Activity Assay
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Screening of β-Galactosidase Activity
3.2. β-Galactosidase Production
3.3. Synthesis of Oligosaccharides
3.4. Growth-promoting Activity of Synthesized Oligosaccharides
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fungal Strains | β-Galactosidase Activity 1 | Cultivation Temperature (°C) | Source | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
t(incubation)/day | ||||||||
1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | |||
Lichtheimia ramosa SZMC 2 11360 | +++ | +++++ | +++++ | +++++ | +++++ | +++++ | 37 | soil/unknown |
Lichtheimia corymbifera SZMC 11361 | ++ | ++++ | ++++ | +++++ | +++++ | +++++ | 37 | soil/Afghanistan |
Lichtheimia hyalospora SZMC 11364 | ++ | ++++ | ++++ | +++++ | +++++ | +++++ | 37 | Manihot esculenta stem / Ghana |
Rhizomucor miehei SZMC 11005 | ++ | +++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | +++++ | 37 | peppermint compost/India |
Rhizomucor miehei SZMC 11014 | ++ | ++++ | +++++ | +++++ | +++++ | +++++ | 37 | compost/Switzerland |
Rhizomucor pusillus SZMC 11025 | + | +++ | +++ | ++++ | ++++ | +++++ | 37 | dead fallen leaves/California, USA |
Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus SZMC 13619 | NC | + | +++ | ++++ | ++++ | +++++ | 37 | tempeh/Indonesia |
Mortierella echinosphaera SZMC 11251 | + | + | +++ | ++++ | ++++ | +++++ | 20 | begonia/Netherlands |
Umbelopsis longicollis SZMC 11208 | + | +++ | ++++ | +++++ | +++++ | +++++ | 25 | soil/Australia |
Umbelopsis ramanniana var. angulispora SZMC 11234 | + | +++ | +++++ | +++++ | +++++ | +++++ | 25 | unknown/Russia |
Initial Materials | Crude β-Galactosidase Used | Oligosaccharide Concentration (mg/L) 1 | Oligosaccharide Yield (%) 2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Trisaccharide | Tetrasaccharide | |||
Lactose | L. ramosa | 129.5 ± 10.7 | 34.5 ± 1.1 | 0.11 |
R. pusillus | 197.2 ± 2.5 | 60.4 ± 3.8 | 0.17 | |
Skim milk | L. ramosa | 14.4 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.03 | 0.032 |
R. pusillus | 20.1 ± 0.02 | 2.62 ± 0.02 | 0.047 | |
Lactose–fructose | L. ramosa | 88.6 ± 5.9 | 18.7 ± 0.4 | 0.11 |
R. pusillus | 187.6 ± 5.4 | 52.2 ± 3.1 | 0.24 | |
oNPG–sucrose | L. ramosa | 856.5 ± 16.5 | 48.1 ± 2.1 | 0.91 |
R. pusillus | 2,040.1 ± 36.8 | 196.2 ± 3.4 | 2.24 |
Initial Materials | L. casei | L. acidophilus | B. animalis subsp. lactis | S. boulardii |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lactose | ||||
Trisaccharide | 0.991 | 0.985 | 0.979 | 0.999 |
Tetrasaccharide | 0.998 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.988 |
Skim milk | ||||
Trisaccharide | 0.791 | 0.995 | 0.994 | 0.961 |
Tetrasaccharide | 0.635 | 0.992 | 0.993 | 0.875 |
Lactose–fructose | ||||
Trisaccharide | 0.785 | 0.986 | 0.999 | 0.926 |
Tetrasaccharide | 0.698 | 0.957 | 0.989 | 0.869 |
Mucoromycota Fungi | Fermentation Condition | Substrate | Enzyme Activity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mucor sp. | SmF 1 | lactose | 228 U/L | [12] |
Rhizomucor sp. | SmF | lactose | 0.55 U/mL (0.21 U/mg) | [14] |
SSF 2 | wheat bran | 5.5 U/mL (2.04 U/mg) | ||
Rhizomucor pusillus | SmF | lactose | 2.14 IU/mL | [16] |
Rhizomucor pusillus | SSF | wheat bran | 101.89 U/gds | [17] |
Rhizopus sp. | SmF | lactose | less than 10 U/mL | [43] |
Rhizopus stolonifer | SmF | lactose | 2.250 IU | [28] |
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Volford, B.; Varga, M.; Szekeres, A.; Kotogán, A.; Nagy, G.; Vágvölgyi, C.; Papp, T.; Takó, M. β-Galactosidase-Producing Isolates in Mucoromycota: Screening, Enzyme Production, and Applications for Functional Oligosaccharide Synthesis. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7030229
Volford B, Varga M, Szekeres A, Kotogán A, Nagy G, Vágvölgyi C, Papp T, Takó M. β-Galactosidase-Producing Isolates in Mucoromycota: Screening, Enzyme Production, and Applications for Functional Oligosaccharide Synthesis. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(3):229. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7030229
Chicago/Turabian StyleVolford, Bettina, Mónika Varga, András Szekeres, Alexandra Kotogán, Gábor Nagy, Csaba Vágvölgyi, Tamás Papp, and Miklós Takó. 2021. "β-Galactosidase-Producing Isolates in Mucoromycota: Screening, Enzyme Production, and Applications for Functional Oligosaccharide Synthesis" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 3: 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7030229