Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Candida and Candidiasis Etymology and Historical Perspective
1.2. Candida albicans: An Opportunistic Pathogen
2. Clinical Manifestations of Oral Candidiasis
2.1. Acute Manifestations of Oral Candidiasis
2.1.1. Acute Pseudomembranous Candidiasis
2.1.2. Acute Erythematous Candidiasis
2.2. Chronic Manifestations of Oral Candidiasis
2.2.1. Chronic Erythematous Atrophic Candidiasis
2.2.2. Angular Cheilitis
2.2.3. Cheilocandidiasis
2.2.4. Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis
2.2.5. Median Rhomboid Glossitis
2.3. Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Syndromes
3. Predisposing Factors to Oral Candidiasis
3.1. Local Factors
3.1.1. Salivary Hypofunction
3.1.2. Denture Wearing
3.1.3. Topical Corticosteroid Therapy
3.1.4. Smoking
3.2. Systemic Factors
3.2.1. Age-Related Immunosenescence
3.2.2. Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics
3.2.3. HIV Infection and AIDS
3.2.4. Systemic Immunocompromise
3.2.5. Nutritional Deficiencies
4. Host Immune Response
5. Candida albicans–Bacterial Interactions in the Oral Cavity
6. Animal Models
6.1. Mouse Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
6.2. Rat Model of Denture Stomatitis
7. New Approaches in Antifungal Drug Discovery Anti-Virulence Drugs
8. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biofilm Formation |
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Evasion of Host Defenses |
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Invasion and Destruction of Host Tissue |
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Vila, T.; Sultan, A.S.; Montelongo-Jauregui, D.; Jabra-Rizk, M.A. Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity. J. Fungi 2020, 6, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010015
Vila T, Sultan AS, Montelongo-Jauregui D, Jabra-Rizk MA. Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity. Journal of Fungi. 2020; 6(1):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010015
Chicago/Turabian StyleVila, Taissa, Ahmed S. Sultan, Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui, and Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk. 2020. "Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity" Journal of Fungi 6, no. 1: 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010015