Recent Advances in the Use of Galleria mellonella Model to Study Immune Responses against Human Pathogens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cellular Immune Response
Hemocytes and Involved Reactions (Phagocytosis, Nodulation, and Encapsulation)
3. Humoral Immune Response
3.1. Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPS)
3.2. Prophenoloxidase and Melanization
3.3. Hemolymph Clotting
3.4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
3.5. Primary Immunization
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The Most Common Types of Hemocytes | Morphology and Functions | References |
---|---|---|
Prohemocytes | Small circular cells with large nucleus. Prohemocytes are not present in all types of insects and are considered progenitor cells. | [54,72,73] |
Plasmatocytes | Most common in G. mellonella, possessing lysosomal enzymes in the cytoplasm, participate directly in phagocytosis and are also capsule-forming hemocytes. | [54,72,73,74] |
Granulocytes | Small nucleus, and granules in the cytoplasm. Participate indirectly in phagocytosis and directly in the encapsulation process. Usually the most common hemocyte type. | [71,73] |
Spherulocytes | Present in some insects, it has spherical inclusions. They transport and secrete cuticular components (as the 66 kDa peptide). Its function in insect immunity is not well understood. | [54,72] |
Oenotocytes | Large and spherule cells. Are non-adhesive and no phagocytic cells and containphenoloxidase (PO) cascade components. | [54,59,72,73] |
Microorganism | Hemocyte Response after Hours (h) of Infection | Rate of Cells with Phagocytosed Pathogens (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Candida albicans | 2 h: Decrease 6 h Increase 3 h: Decrease | Not evaluated 4% | [68] [94] |
Candida glabrata | 2 h: Decrease 6 h: Decrease | Not evaluated | [95] |
Candida parapsilosis | 2 h: Increase | 5% | [87] |
Candida orthopsilosis | 2 h: Increase | 15% | [87] |
Candida metapsilosis | 2 h: Increase | 18% | [87] |
Candida krusei | 3 h: Decrease | 4% | [94] |
Candida tropicalis | 2 h: Decrease 7 h: Decrease | 2 h: 18% | [96] |
Cryptococcus neoformans | 2 h: Increase Not evaluated | 20–30% (*) 20–40% (*) | [97] [98] |
Cryptococcus gattii | Not evaluated | 10–40% (*) | [98] |
Aspergillus fumigatus | 2 h: Increase 2 h: Similar to the control 4 h: Increase 24 h: Similar to the control | 34% Evaluated but not quantified | [99,100] [63] |
Fusarium oxysporum | 1 h: Decrease | Not evaluated | [101] |
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis | 1 h: Decrease 3h: Decrease | 5% | [41] |
Paracoccidioides lutzii | 1 h: Decrease 3 h: Decrease | 5% | [41] |
Escherichia coli | Not evaluated | 1 h: 25% 2 h 30% | [102] |
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Pereira, T.C.; De Barros, P.P.; Fugisaki, L.R.d.O.; Rossoni, R.D.; Ribeiro, F.d.C.; De Menezes, R.T.; Junqueira, J.C.; Scorzoni, L. Recent Advances in the Use of Galleria mellonella Model to Study Immune Responses against Human Pathogens. J. Fungi 2018, 4, 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4040128
Pereira TC, De Barros PP, Fugisaki LRdO, Rossoni RD, Ribeiro FdC, De Menezes RT, Junqueira JC, Scorzoni L. Recent Advances in the Use of Galleria mellonella Model to Study Immune Responses against Human Pathogens. Journal of Fungi. 2018; 4(4):128. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4040128
Chicago/Turabian StylePereira, Thais Cristine, Patrícia Pimentel De Barros, Luciana Ruano de Oliveira Fugisaki, Rodnei Dennis Rossoni, Felipe de Camargo Ribeiro, Raquel Teles De Menezes, Juliana Campos Junqueira, and Liliana Scorzoni. 2018. "Recent Advances in the Use of Galleria mellonella Model to Study Immune Responses against Human Pathogens" Journal of Fungi 4, no. 4: 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4040128