On the Infectious Causes of Neonatal Piglet Diarrhoea—A Review
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Methodology
2. Background
3. Clinical Signs
4. Escherichia coli
5. Clostridium spp.
6. Enterococcus spp.
7. Viral Infections
8. Parasitic Infections
9. Surveys
Country, Year | Age | No of Animals/Herds | Specimen | Findings, Diarrhoeic Piglets | Findings, Healthy Controls | Investigated but Not Demonstrated | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada 1977–1981 | 1–15 d. | 749/325 | Carcasses | TGE 52%; ETEC 22.4%; C. suis 15.3%; RV 9.2%; CpC 0.4%; AV 0.3% | N.A. | N.A. | [3] |
England 1981–1985 | N.A. | N.A./85 240/78 | Anamnestic information Carcasses | E. coli; RV; Salmonella spp.; TGE 25%; haemol. E. coli 5.8–32% | N.A. | N.A. | [43] |
UK 1982 | 3 d.–3 w. | 116/3 | Carcasses | CpA 10.3%; coccidia, cryptosporidia; PED; RV; C. coli; ETEC rarely | N.A. | N.A. | [12] |
USA 1989 | 1-2 d. | 3/1 10/1 | Carcasses Faeces | CpA; ETEC; enterococci; Bacillus spp. | CpA | TGE; RV N.A. | [13] |
Spain 1986–1991 | <15 d. | 149/65 | Faeces | ETEC 15%; VTEC 2.2%; NTEC 2.2% | 0% | N.A. | [67] |
Canada 1995 | 3 d. | 14/1 | Carcasses Faeces | TGE 33%; ETEC 15%; coccidia 13% | N.A. | N.A. | [45] |
USA 2000 | 1–7 d. | 100/33 | Carcasses | RV 36%; C. difficile 29%; E. durans 5%; TGE 3%; haemol. E. coli 3%; CpC 2% | N.A. | N.A. | [114] |
Germany 2001 | 1–7 d. | 33–41/24 | Faeces | ETEC 9.8%; C. suis 7.3% | N.A. | Coronavirus; RV; S. ransomi | [30] |
Japan 2001–2003 | 0–7 d. | 60/14 | Faeces | RV 81.7%; ETEC 13.3%; Sapovirus 3.3%; | N.A. | Coccidia; C. parvum; TGE; PED; CpC; Salmonella spp. | [115] |
Denmark 2011–2014 | 3–7 d. | 101/4 | Carcasses | Haemol. E. coli 6%; non-haemol. E. coli 47%; E. coli serotype O8 4%; EHEC 8%; CpA 35%; CpC 6%; RVA 13%; Enterococcus spp. 45% | Non-haemol. E. coli 48%; E. coli serotype O8 6%; CpA 70%; CpC 2%; C. difficile 4%; RVA 2%; Enterococcus spp. 8% | Coronavirus; C. suis; Cryptosporidium spp.; Giardia spp., S. ransomi | [16,25,85,86,120] |
Sweden 2011–2015 | 1–6 d. | 69/10 | Carcasses | Enteroadherent Enterococcus hirae 36%; haemol. E. coli 8%; ETEC 4%; CpA 76%; C. difficile 100%; RVA < 20%, RVC < 10% | CpA 68%; C. difficile 100%; RVA 10.5% | CpC, Coronavirus; C. suis; Cryptosporidium spp.; Giardia spp., S. ransomi | [18,20,107] |
Germany 2017 | 1–7 d. | 555/205 | Faeces | CpA 59%; C. difficile 56.1%; pathogenic E. coli 38.6%; RVA 35%; PED 2% | N.A. | TGE | [76] |
Spain 2017–2018 | 1–7 d. | 215/31 | Faeces | RVA 51.6%; RVB 9.3%; RVC 39.1%; TGE 2.8%; PED 2.3%; CpA 70.7%; CpC 3.3%; pathogenic E. coli 44%; C. difficile ~34% | RVA 31.8%; RVB 4.9%; RVC 36.4%; PED + TGE 2.3%; CpA 79.5%; CpC 1.1%; C. difficile ~29.5% | [119] | |
Spain 2018 | 1–7 d. | 327/109 | Faeces | CpA 89.9%; RVA 43.1%; PED 3.7%; ETEC 8.3%; EPEC 1.8% | N.A. | CpC, TGE | [27] |
10. Discussion
11. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AAF | aggregative adherence fimbria |
AEEC | attaching and effacing Escherichia coli |
aEPEC | “atypical” EPEC |
AIEC | adherent-invasive Escherichia coli |
C. difficile | Clostridium difficile |
CNF | cytotoxic necrotizing factor |
CpA | Clostridium perfringens type A |
CpC | Clostridium perfringens type C |
C. parvum | Cryptosporidium parvum |
C. perfringens | Clostridium perfringens |
C. suis | Cystoisospora suis |
DAEC | diffusely adhering Escherichia coli |
E. coli | Escherichia coli |
E. durans | Enterococcus durans |
E. hirae | Enterococcus hirae |
EAEC | enteroadherent |
EAggEC | enteroaggregative E. coli |
EHEC | enterohemorrhagic E. coli |
EIEC | enteroinvasive E. coli |
EPEC | enteropathogenic E. coli |
ETEC | enterotoxigenic E. coli |
E. villorum | Enterococcus villorum |
LT | heat-labile toxin |
NGS | next generation sequencing |
NNPD | new neonatal porcine diarrhoea |
NPD | neonatal porcine diarrhoea |
NTEC | necrotoxigenic E. coli |
PCR | polymerase chain reaction |
PEDV | porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus |
RVA–J | rotavirus serotype A–J |
S. ransomi | Strongyloides ransomi |
ST | heat-stable toxins |
STEC | Shiga toxin-producing E. coli |
Stx | Shiga-like toxins |
tEPEC | “true” or “typical” EPEC |
TGEV | transmissible gastroenteritis virus |
VTEC | verotoxin-producing E. coli |
Vtx | verotoxins |
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Jacobson, M. On the Infectious Causes of Neonatal Piglet Diarrhoea—A Review. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 422. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080422
Jacobson M. On the Infectious Causes of Neonatal Piglet Diarrhoea—A Review. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(8):422. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080422
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobson, Magdalena. 2022. "On the Infectious Causes of Neonatal Piglet Diarrhoea—A Review" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 8: 422. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080422