Small Ruminant Farming in Tribal Areas of Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Design
2.2. Sample Size and Sampling Unit
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Flock Distribution and Production Systems
3.2. Reproductive Status
3.3. Health Status
3.4. Farmers Income Sources and Status of Sheep Rearing
4. Discussion
- Efforts must be made to establish the small viable purebred sheep units in the selected areas, and purebred breeding rams must be made available to propagate the purebred flocks to produce more meat and wool. Proper sale channels should be set up to facilitate the sale of farmer’s products to large cities. The establishment of model sheep farms in the tribal areas and the provision of farm training to young sheep farmers may help with the increased adoption of modern sheep husbandry practices.
- Educational activities such as the organization of mass media programs like deworming, vaccination and sheep health camps by the extension agencies can efficiently disseminate scientific knowledge to the sheep farmers. In addition, the farmers should be properly protected against vaccination myths and cold chains must be maintained to retain the efficiency of vaccines.
- In order to cope with malnutrition, the government waste Banjar lands in the villages should be distributed to the landless sheep farmers’ community for the encouraging of fodder cultivation.
5. Limitations of the Study
- Communication barriers: There were communication barriers between the farmers inhabiting the mountain areas and interviewers because the questionnaire was written in English and Urdu (the official language of Pakistan), but most of the farmers were illiterate. Although the questionnaire was explained to the farmers with the help of veterinarian in the local language, it is possible that there were errors in translation
- Some respondents were skeptical about revealing accurate figures relating to the number of their livestock; this was avoided by emphasizing the confidentiality of information during the interviews.
- Many of the questions in the questionnaire were based on the recall ability of the respondents, who may not have given very accurate information due to memory lapses, considering that most of them even do not even have a basic education.
- The lack of producer records and social mistrust with regard to providing information was also observed during the survey.
- This study focused on descriptive research, so there is a need for more analytical measurements
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jamal, M.A.; Khan, S.; Su, Y.; Yang, C.; Zhao, H.; Xu, K.; Jiao, D.; Cheng, W.; Rauf, A.; Ali, M.; et al. Small Ruminant Farming in Tribal Areas of Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 279. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9060279
Jamal MA, Khan S, Su Y, Yang C, Zhao H, Xu K, Jiao D, Cheng W, Rauf A, Ali M, et al. Small Ruminant Farming in Tribal Areas of Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(6):279. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9060279
Chicago/Turabian StyleJamal, Muhammad Ameen, Samiullah Khan, Yanhua Su, Chang Yang, Heng Zhao, Kaixiang Xu, Deling Jiao, Wenmin Cheng, Abdul Rauf, Mahboob Ali, and et al. 2022. "Small Ruminant Farming in Tribal Areas of Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 6: 279. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9060279