Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Dogs: Review on Biomechanics, Etiopathogenetic Factors and Rehabilitation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biomechanics
3. Etiopathogenetic Hypotheses
4. Predisposing Factors
4.1. Breed and Body-Weight
4.2. Age
4.3. Sex
4.4. Genetics
4.5. Stifle Deformation
4.6. Traumatic Injury
5. Rehabilitation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Predisposing Factors | Dog | Man/Woman |
---|---|---|
Breed and body weight | Large breeds and/or overweight dogs | Obesity |
Age | 2–10 years old | 15–45 years old |
Sex | Neutered males and spayed females | Females > Males 1 |
Genetics | SNP affecting genes responsible for strength and structure of CrCL | Familiar predisposition with mutations in collagen genes |
Stifle deformation | Low Intercondylar notch High Tibial plateau inclination Hyperextended position of the pelvic limbs Genu varum | Low Intercondylar notch High Tibial plateau inclination Valgus knee conformation |
Gender | |
---|---|
Dog | Man/Woman |
Higher incidence in neutered males and spayed females Increased activation of LH receptors High body weight and obesity Delay in tibia plate closure | Higher predisposition in women than in men Valgus conformation Hormonal factors Mutations in collagen genes |
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Spinella, G.; Arcamone, G.; Valentini, S. Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Dogs: Review on Biomechanics, Etiopathogenetic Factors and Rehabilitation. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8090186
Spinella G, Arcamone G, Valentini S. Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Dogs: Review on Biomechanics, Etiopathogenetic Factors and Rehabilitation. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8(9):186. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8090186
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpinella, Giuseppe, Giulia Arcamone, and Simona Valentini. 2021. "Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Dogs: Review on Biomechanics, Etiopathogenetic Factors and Rehabilitation" Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 9: 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8090186