Recognizing and Mitigating Canine Stress during Animal Assisted Interventions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Terminology and Settings
Evaluating Therapy Dogs
3. Advancements in Animal Welfare: From Basic Needs to Nuanced Emotions
4. Recognizing Canine Stress, Enjoyment, and Enrichment
5. Canine Stress Signals
5.1. Avoidance
5.2. Fear
5.3. Gaze
5.4. Freezing
5.5. Aggression
5.6. Animal Assent/Dissent
6. Contextual Factors That Contribute to Stress in Dogs
6.1. Physical Setting
6.1.1. Crowds
6.1.2. Classroom
6.1.3. Hospital
6.1.4. One-to-One Visit
6.1.5. Noise and Urgency Level
6.2. Canine Characteristics
6.2.1. Fatigue
6.2.2. Aging
6.2.3. Physical Health
6.2.4. Workload
6.2.5. Trigger-Stacking
7. Intervention Characteristics That Contribute to Missed Stress Signals
7.1. Presence-Absence of Canine Advocate
7.1.1. Diamond Model
7.1.2. Triangle Model
7.2. Intervention Complexity
7.3. Schedule and Frequency of Dog Involvement
8. Canine Factors
8.1. Health Changes
8.2. Canine Variability in Stress Signaling
Training out of Stress Indicators
9. Human Influences
9.1. Level of Canine Behavior Knowledge and Willingness to Act on Knowledge
9.2. Urgency of Problem
9.3. Other Pressures
10. Specific Recommendations
10.1. LEAD Assessment
10.2. Case Examples with Specific Recommendations and Resources
10.2.1. AAA
10.2.2. AAE
10.2.3. AAT
11. Discussion
11.1. One Health
11.2. Mutual Benefit and Canine Agency
12. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Townsend, L.; Gee, N.R. Recognizing and Mitigating Canine Stress during Animal Assisted Interventions. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8110254
Townsend L, Gee NR. Recognizing and Mitigating Canine Stress during Animal Assisted Interventions. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8(11):254. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8110254
Chicago/Turabian StyleTownsend, Lisa, and Nancy R. Gee. 2021. "Recognizing and Mitigating Canine Stress during Animal Assisted Interventions" Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 11: 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8110254