Veterinary Diagnostic Approach of Common Virus Diseases in Adult Honeybees
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Virus Diseases in Honeybees and Contributing Factors
2.1. Acute Bee Paralysis Virus—Kashmir Bee Virus—Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus—Complex
2.2. Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus
2.3. Deformed Wing Virus
3. Veterinary Diagnostic Approach
3.1. Medical History, Appeareance of the Hive and Environment
3.2. Examination of the Alighting Board and Observation of the Entrance Hole
3.3. Clinical Examination of the Superorganism “Honeybee Colony” and Observations of Living Bees
3.4. Taking Samples for Laboratory Analysis
3.4.1. Examination of Dead Bees
3.4.2. Examination of Debris
3.5. Laboratory Diagnosis
3.5.1. PCR to Detect Viral Diseases
3.5.2. Monitoring the Varroa infestation
3.5.3. Detection of Nosemosis
3.5.4. Intoxications
3.6. List of Medical Issues, Diagnoses and Prognosis
3.7. Outcome Control
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Virus | Taxonomy | Symptoms in a Colony | Affected Castes | Transmission (Main Routes) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) | unclassified (RNA) | hairless black syndrome and paralysis syndrome, high mortality after a few days | w, d, q | c, o |
Acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) | Dicistroviridae (RNA) | paralysis and high mortality after 1–2 days (experimentally) | w, d | vec, ver (v, to) |
Kashmir bee virus (KBV) | Dicistroviridae (RNA) | mortality without other symptoms | w, d | vec, ver |
Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) | Dicistroviridae (RNA) | paralysis and death | w, d | vec, ver |
Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) | Picorna-like virus (RNA) | crippled bees with deformed wings and shortened abdomens | w, d, q | vec, ver (v, to) |
Phenotype Feature | Possible Causes (Selection) |
---|---|
shortened abdomens | DWV, Varroosis, CBPV |
hairless, black abdomens | CBPV, black robbers for alimentary, genetic or mechanical reasons |
crippled wings, legs, antennae | Varroosis, DWV, intoxication, CBPV |
bloated abdomens and diarrhea (pressure on abdomen light-brown fluid) | Nosemosis, Malpighamoeba mellificae, CBPV |
extended proboscis | virus diseases, intoxication, unspecific |
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Dittes, J.; Aupperle-Lellbach, H.; Schäfer, M.O.; Mülling, C.K.W.; Emmerich, I.U. Veterinary Diagnostic Approach of Common Virus Diseases in Adult Honeybees. Vet. Sci. 2020, 7, 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040159
Dittes J, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Schäfer MO, Mülling CKW, Emmerich IU. Veterinary Diagnostic Approach of Common Virus Diseases in Adult Honeybees. Veterinary Sciences. 2020; 7(4):159. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040159
Chicago/Turabian StyleDittes, Julia, Heike Aupperle-Lellbach, Marc O. Schäfer, Christoph K. W. Mülling, and Ilka U. Emmerich. 2020. "Veterinary Diagnostic Approach of Common Virus Diseases in Adult Honeybees" Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 4: 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040159
APA StyleDittes, J., Aupperle-Lellbach, H., Schäfer, M. O., Mülling, C. K. W., & Emmerich, I. U. (2020). Veterinary Diagnostic Approach of Common Virus Diseases in Adult Honeybees. Veterinary Sciences, 7(4), 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040159