Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: An Update Review about An Emerging Poultry Pathogen
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
3. Clinical and Pathologic Features
3.1. Mode of Infection and Transmission
3.2. Epidemiology and Prevention
3.3. Clinical Signs and Pathological Lesions
4. Laboratory Diagnosis
4.1. Isolation and Identification
4.2. Serotyping and Detection
5. Genetic Relatedness
6. Treatment
7. Vaccination
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biochemical Tests | Test Interpretation | Result |
---|---|---|
Indol * | Degradation of tryptophan yielding indole. | − |
Ornithine Decarboxylase | Decarboxylation of ornithine. | − |
Catalase * | Presence of catalase enzyme by decomposing H2O2 in water and O2. | − |
Oxidase * | Detect of indophenol production (cytochrome oxidase). | + |
Fructose | Sucrose fermentation producing fructose and acids. | + |
Glucose | Fermentation of glucose producing acid or acid and gas. | − |
Mannitol | Fermentation of mannitol with acid production during the process. | − |
Maltose | Degradation of maltose generating 2 molecules of glucose. | − |
Motility | Determination of bacterial motility by means of flagella. | − |
Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) * | Glucose fermentation and gas production. Fermentation of lactose and/or sucrose. Production of H2S. | − |
Growth MacConkey | Isolation of gram-negative and inhibition of gram-positive cocci. | − |
Hemolysis in Blood Agar | Differentiation of hemolysis production. | − |
Growth in Nutrient Agar | Medium for preliminary culture in bacteriology. | − |
Voges–Proskauer | Production of acetoin from the fermentation of glucose. | + |
Urease | Urease enzyme hydrolyzing urea with ammonia formation. | + |
Βeta-galactosidase * | Fermentation of glucose by the enzyme beta-galactosidase. Difference lactose fermentation delay of lactose non-fermenters. | + |
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Barbosa, E.V.; Cardoso, C.V.; Silva, R.d.C.F.; Cerqueira, A.d.M.F.; Liberal, M.H.T.; Castro, H.C. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: An Update Review about An Emerging Poultry Pathogen. Vet. Sci. 2020, 7, 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7010003
Barbosa EV, Cardoso CV, Silva RdCF, Cerqueira AdMF, Liberal MHT, Castro HC. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: An Update Review about An Emerging Poultry Pathogen. Veterinary Sciences. 2020; 7(1):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarbosa, Eunice Ventura, Clarissa Varajão Cardoso, Rita de Cássia Figueira Silva, Aloysio de Mello Figueiredo Cerqueira, Maíra Halfen Teixeira Liberal, and Helena Carla Castro. 2020. "Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: An Update Review about An Emerging Poultry Pathogen" Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 1: 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7010003