A Serosurvey of Multiple Pathogens in American Black Bears (Ursus americanus) in Pennsylvania, USA Indicates a Lack of Association with Sarcoptic Mange
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pathogen | Mange No. Pos/Tested (%) | Non-Mange No. Pos/Tested (%) | Total No. Pos/Tested (%) | X2 † | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CDV | 2/31 (6.5) | 15/209 (7.2) | 17/240 (7.1) | 0.0216 | 0.883 |
CPV | 9/46 (19.6) | 6/48 (12.5) | 15/94 (16.0) | 0.8743 | 0.350 |
CAV | 4/46 (8.7) | 2/41 (4.9) | 6/87 (6.9) | 0.4920 | 0.483 |
T. gondii | 22/32 (68.8) | 172/267 (66.4) | 194/299 (64.9) | 0.2352 | 0.628 |
Trichinella sp. | 0/32 (0) | 7/188 (3.7) | 7/220 (3.2) | 1.2 | 0.267 |
Years Sampled | Number Positive/No. Tested (%) | Location | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
CDV | |||
N/A | 0/47 (0) | Great Smoky Mt. NP, USA | [20] |
1988–1991 | 0/76 (0%) | Alaska, USA | [41] |
1993–1997 | 8/165 (4.8%) | Northwestern states, USA | [42] |
1993–1995 | 5/66 (8%) | Florida, USA | [43] |
1994–2001 | 1/38 (3%) | Banff NP and BC, Canada | [44] |
1999–2011 | 25/82 (30.5%) | Maryland, USA | [45] |
2001–2003 | 24/157 (15.3%) | California, USA | [28] |
2002–2010 | 2/6 (33%) | Northwest Territories, Canada | [46] |
2014–2016 | 17/240 (7.1%) | Pennsylvania, USA | Current Study |
CPV | |||
1988–1991 | 0/76 (0%) | Alaska, USA | [41] |
1993–1995 | 10/62 (16%) | Florida, USA | [43] |
1999–2011 | 10/82 (12.2%) | Maryland, USA | [45] |
2001–2003 | 1/157 (0.6%) | California, USA | [28] |
2002–2010 | 0/14 (0%) | Northwest Territories, Canada | [46] |
2014–2016 | 15/94 (16%) | Pennsylvania, USA | Current Study |
CAV | |||
1984 | 1/33 (3%) | Washington, USA | [47] |
1988–1991 | 3/76 (4%) | Alaska, USA | [41] |
1993–1995 | 4/66 (6%) | Florida, USA | [43] |
1993–1997 | 3/165 (1.8%) | Northwestern States, USA | [42] |
1994–2001 | 8/38 (8%) | Alberta /British Columbia, Canada | [44] |
1999–2011 | 7/82 (8.5%) | Maryland, USA | [45] |
2014–2016 | 6/87 (6.9%) | Pennsylvania, USA | Current Study |
T. gondii | |||
N/A | 40/149 (27%) | California, USA | [48] |
N/A | 132/328 (40.2%) | New Jersey, USA | [49] |
N/A | 1/3 (33%) | Ontario, Canada | [50] |
1971–1977 | 23/303 (8%) | Idaho, USA | [51] |
1971–1974 | 7/16 (43.8%) | Ontario, Canada | [52] |
1976–1996 | 62/143 (43%) | Alaska, USA | [53] |
1988–1991 | 6/40 (15%) | Alaska, USA | [54] |
1989–1992 | 532/665 (80%) | Pennsylvania, USA | [55] |
1993 | 22/28 (78.6%) | Pennsylvania, USA | [56] |
1993–1995 | 37/66 (56%) | Florida, USA | [43] |
1993–1997 | 89/198 (45%) | Northwestern States, USA | [42] |
1994–2001 | 5/38 (13%) | Banff NP and BC, Canada | [44] |
1996–1997 | 120/143 (84%) | North Carolina, USA | [57] |
1999–2011 | 70/82 (85.4%) | Maryland, USA | [45] |
2001–2003 | 67/239 (28%) | California, USA | [28] |
2002–2010 | 2/16 (12.5%) | Northwest Territories, Canada | [46] |
2004–2006 | 13/29 (44.8%) | Florida, USA | [58] |
2012–2013 | 33/53 (62%) | Central Appalachia, USA | [59] |
2014–2016 | 194/299 (64.9%) | Pennsylvania, USA | Current Study |
Trichinella spp. | |||
N/A | 18/141(13%) | California, USA | [48] |
1971–1977 | 16/122 (13%) | Idaho, USA | [51] |
1988–1991 | 11/76 (14.5%) | Alaska, USA | [41] |
1993–1997 | 2/103 (1.9%) | Oregon, USA | [60] |
1996–1997 | 0/79 (0%) | North Carolina, USA | [57] |
2001–2003 | 6/80 (7.5%) | California, USA | [28] |
2014–2016 | 7/220 (3.2%) | Pennsylvania, USA | Current Study |
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Niedringhaus, K.D.; Brown, J.D.; Ternent, M.A.; Cleveland, C.A.; Yabsley, M.J. A Serosurvey of Multiple Pathogens in American Black Bears (Ursus americanus) in Pennsylvania, USA Indicates a Lack of Association with Sarcoptic Mange. Vet. Sci. 2019, 6, 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6040075
Niedringhaus KD, Brown JD, Ternent MA, Cleveland CA, Yabsley MJ. A Serosurvey of Multiple Pathogens in American Black Bears (Ursus americanus) in Pennsylvania, USA Indicates a Lack of Association with Sarcoptic Mange. Veterinary Sciences. 2019; 6(4):75. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6040075
Chicago/Turabian StyleNiedringhaus, Kevin D., Justin D. Brown, Mark A. Ternent, Christopher A. Cleveland, and Michael J. Yabsley. 2019. "A Serosurvey of Multiple Pathogens in American Black Bears (Ursus americanus) in Pennsylvania, USA Indicates a Lack of Association with Sarcoptic Mange" Veterinary Sciences 6, no. 4: 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6040075