The Role of Algae Extract (Ulva lactuca and Solieria chordalis) in Fishmeal Substitution in Gibel Carp (Carrassius auratus gibeilo)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Diet Preparation
2.2. Experimental Procedure
2.3. Sample Collection
2.4. Trial Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance
3.2. Body Composition
3.3. Plasma Biochemistry
3.4. Intestinal Antioxidant Indexes
3.5. Relative Gene Expression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kinds | Diet 1 | Diet 2 | Diet 3 | Diet 4 | Diet 5 | Diet 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fish meal 1 | 10 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Poultry meal 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Soybean meal 1 | 16 | 16 | 20 | 20 | 23 | 23 |
Rapeseed meal 1 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
Cottonseed meal 1 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 14 | 14 | 17.5 | 17.5 |
Wheat bran 1 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Wheat meal | 14 | 14 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 11 | 11 |
Rice bran 1 | 8.13 | 7.93 | 5.53 | 5.33 | 4.69 | 4.49 |
Fish oil | 2.39 | 2.39 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.86 | 3.86 |
Monocalcium phosphate | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
Mineral premix 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Vitamin premix 2 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
35% ascorbyl-phosphate | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
60% Choline chloride | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Mould inhibitor | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Bentonite | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
L-Lysine 3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
DL-Methionine 3 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Algae extract 4 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.2 |
Analysed nutritional composition | ||||||
Crude protein (%) | 33.05 | 33.07 | 33.09 | 33.13 | 33.03 | 33.05 |
Crude lipid (%) | 6.37 | 6.31 | 6.36 | 6.32 | 6.33 | 6.35 |
Energy (MJ/kg) | 17.48 | 17.5 | 17.52 | 17.51 | 17.53 | 17.52 |
Lys (%) | 2.13 | 2.11 | 2.15 | 2.12 | 2.11 | 2.13 |
Met (%) | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.71 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.72 |
Item | Methods and Testing Equipment |
---|---|
Moisture | Drying method, oven, 105 °C |
Protein | Kjeldahl method, Hanon K1100 auto Kjeldahl apparatus. |
Lipid | Soxhlet method, Hanon SOX606 auto fat analyser |
Ash | Combustion method, 550 °C for 5 h, XL-2A intelligent muffle furnace |
Gross energy | Combustion method, IKA C6000 Oxygen bomb calorimeter |
Alanine transaminase (ALT) | Mindray Bio Medical Co., Ltd.’s Assay kits, Mindray’s BS-400 automatic biochemical analyzer. |
Total cholesterol (TC) | |
Glucose (GLU) | |
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | |
Albumin (ALB) | |
Triglyceride (TG) | |
Aspartic transaminase (AST) | |
Total protein (TP) | |
Total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) | Jian Cheng Bioengineering Institute’s assay kits, Thermo Fisher Scientific microplate reader. |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) | |
Catalase (CAT) | |
Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) | |
Manganese superoxide dimutase (Mn-SOD) | |
Malondialdehyde (MDA) |
Primer | Forward 5′ | Reverse 3′ |
---|---|---|
Manganese superoxide dimutase (Mn-SOD) | AGCTGCACCACAGCAAGCAC | TCCTCCACCATTCGGTGACA |
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) | GAACGCCCACCCTCTGTTTG | CGATGTCATTCCGGTTCACG |
Catalase (CAT) | CAGTGCTCCTGATACCCAGC | TTCTGACACAGACGCTCTCG |
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) | GAGTCATCCTTTCTGCTCTGGTT | TTCATCGAGTAATGGTGCCAAGT |
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) | TCGCATGGAGAATGATAGTCTGG | GTCATCTTCCTTGATCGCCCATA |
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) | TCATTCCTTACGACGGCATTT | CAGTCACGTCAGCCTTGCAG |
β-actin | TCGTCCACCGCAAATGCTTCTA | CCGTCACCTTCACCGTTCCAGT |
Indexes | Without AE | With AE | p Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10FM | 5FM | 0FM | 10FM | 5FM | 0FM | FM | AE | FM * AE | |
IW(g) | 38.11 ± 0.09 | 37.99 ± 0.03 | 38.08 ± 0.07 | 38.10 ± 0.14 | 38.20 ± 0.13 | 37.99 ± 0.06 | - | - | - |
SR (%) | 100 ± 0.00 | 100 ± 0.00 | 100 ± 0.00 | 100 ± 0.00 | 100 ± 0.00 | 100 ± 0.00 | - | - | - |
FW(g) | 88.30 ± 1.27 c | 82.39 ± 1.08 b | 73.98 ± 0.71 a | 92.75 ± 0.63 C | 88.21 ± 0.62 B | 77.10 ± 1.08 A | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.373 |
FCR | 2.11 ± 0.05 a | 2.28 ± 0.05 a | 2.82 ± 0.06 b | 2.01 ± 0.03 A | 2.11 ± 0.03 A | 2.59 ± 0.07 B | p < 0.001 | p < 0.005 | p = 0.412 |
SGR (%/d) | 1.22 ± 0.02 c | 1.12 ± 0.02 b | 0.96 ± 0.02 a | 1.29 ± 0.01 C | 1.21 ± 0.01 B | 1.03 ± 0.02 A | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.684 |
WGR (%/d) | 131.68 ± 3.15 c | 116.87 ± 2.71 b | 94.28 ± 1.90 a | 143.29 ± 2.03 C | 130.93 ± 1.84 B | 102.96 ± 2.90 A | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.563 |
Indexes | Without AE | With AE | p Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10FM | 5FM | 0FM | 10FM | 5FM | 0FM | FM | AE | FM * AE | |
Moisture (%) | 78.73 ± 1.48 | 74.19 ± 2.52 | 78.81 ± 1.53 | 75.02 ± 1.15 | 78.70 ± 1.20 | 80.82 ± 2.17 | p = 0.157 | p = 0.523 | p = 0.094 |
Protein (%) | 14.05 ± 0.85 b | 14.25 ± 0.66 b | 10.47 ± 0.69 a | 11.21 ± 1.40 | 12.78 ± 0.87 | 12.06 ± 1.20 | p = 0.202 | p < 0.05 | p = 0.697 |
Lipid (%) | 6.38 ± 0.79 | 7.24 ± 0.69 | 6.14 ± 0.70 | 8.01 ± 0.44 B | 6.58 ± 0.68 AB | 5.19 ± 0.51 B | p = 0.08 | p = 0.99 | p = 0.134 |
Ash (%) | 2.71 ± 0.33 | 3.59 ± 0.25 | 3.16 ± 0.17 | 3.46 ± 0.09 | 3.14 ± 0.07 | 3.16 ± 0.27 | p = 0.287 | p = 0.966 | p < 0.05 |
Indexes | Without AE | With AE | p Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10FM | 5FM | 0FM | 10FM | 5FM | 0FM | FM | AE | FM * AE | |
ALB (g/L) | 20.14 ± 2.80 | 19.59 ± 4.16 | 19.51 ± 2.98 | 20.56 ± 1.05 | 19.76 ± 2.64 | 19.92 ± 2.11 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 |
ALP (mmol/L) | 13.54 ± 1.62 | 15.59 ± 3.41 | 16.43 ± 1.99 | 15.46 ± 3.19 | 16.90 ± 3.20 | 17.69 ± 2.57 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 |
ALT (U/L) | 8.59 ± 1.43 | 8.94 ± 1.92 | 9.71 ± 1.41 | 11.29 ± 2.45 | 10.81 ± 2.5 | 9.51 ± 1.31 | p > 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p > 0.05 |
AST (U/L) | 268.44 ± 49.36 | 251.41 ± 25.66 | 218.50 ± 92.39 | 288.69 ± 68.69 | 276.44 ± 45.67 | 285.34 ± 64.95 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 |
TP (g/L) | 39.29 ± 5.10 | 38.85 ± 7.32 | 37.88 ± 5.59 | 40.86 ± 4.05 | 39.82 ± 4.38 | 39.65 ± 3.65 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 |
GLU (mmol/L) | 4.65 ± 1.96 | 4.89 ± 1.25 | 5.16 ± 1.75 | 4.56 ± 1.26 | 5.93 ± 1.84 | 5.56 ± 1.36 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 |
TG (mmol/L) | 2.89 ± 0.47 | 2.76 ± 0.54 | 2.67 ± 0.39 | 2.99 ± 0.38 | 2.61 ± 0.56 | 3.10 ± 0.84 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 |
TC (mmol/L) | 7.42 ± 0.95 | 7.29 ± 1.59 | 7.18 ± 1.26 | 7.69 ± 1.29 | 8.14 ± 1.69 | 7.57 ± 0.84 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 |
Indexes | Without AE | With AE | p Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10FM | 5FM | 0FM | 10FM | 5FM | 0FM | FM | AE | FM * AE | |
T-AOC (U/mg Protein) | 7.98 ± 0.51 c | 5.13 ± 0.15 b | 2.05 ± 0.14 a | 9.27 ± 0.76 B | 7.02 ± 0.36 A | 5.65 ± 0.24 A | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 |
GPx (U/mg Protein) | 361.08 ± 8.15 b | 260.16 ± 15.08 a | 253.59 ± 8.81 a | 387.75 ± 7.86 B | 355.17 ± 10.29 B | 293.67 ± 8.20 A | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 |
CAT (U/mg Protein) | 58.86 ± 2.82 | 72.03 ± 4.58 | 62.28 ± 3.65 | 67.61 ± 3.13 | 87.50 ± 2.53 | 72.92 ± 3.03 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.558 |
T-SOD (U/mg Protein) | 70.90 ± 0.99 b | 66.87 ± 1.67 ab | 64.54 ± 1.05 a | 78.49 ± 0.64 B | 74.64 ± 1.69 AB | 72.34 ± 1.32 A | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.997 |
Cu/Zn-SOD (U/mg Protein) | 7.13 ± 0.15 | 7.63 ± 0.12 | 7.83 ± 0.28 | 9.97 ± 0.35 | 10.36 ± 1.10 | 9.29 ± 0.77 | p = 0.678 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.404 |
Mn-SOD (U/mg Protein) | 63.76 ± 0.98 b | 59.24 ± 1.60 ab | 56.71 ± 1.06 a | 68.52 ± 0.97 B | 64.27 ± 2.35 AB | 63.05 ± 0.74 A | p < 0.05 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.198 |
MDA (nmol/mg Protein) | 12.39 ± 0.82 a | 14.41 ± 0.63 a | 16.65 ± 0.55 b | 9.28 ± 0.49 | 11.56 ± 0.70 | 11.43 ± 0.74 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.342 |
Indexes | Without AE | With AE | p Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10FM | 5FM | 0FM | 10FM | 5FM | 0FM | FM | AE | FM * AE | |
TNF-α | 1.13 ± 0.03 a | 1.18 ± 0.03 a | 1.79 ± 0.10 b | 1.02 ± 0.05 | 1.13 ± 0.04 | 1.06 ± 0.05 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
IL-10 | 0.43 ± 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.04 | 0.33 ± 0.02 | p = 0.411 | p < 0.05 | p = 0.432 |
IFN-γ | 1.39 ± 0.14 a | 3.88 ± 0.12 b | 1.74 ± 0.12 a | 1.16 ± 0.05 A | 2.72 ± 0.10 B | 1.20 ± 0.07 A | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 |
Mn-SOD | 0.40 ± 0.01 b | 0.20 ± 0.01 a | 0.18 ± 0.01 a | 0.36 ± 0.02 B | 0.35 ± 0.01 B | 0.15 ± 0.02 A | p < 0.001 | p = 0.077 | p < 0.001 |
GPx | 0.33 ± 0.02 b | 0.28 ± 0.01 ab | 0.23 ± 0.02 a | 0.42 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.061 |
CAT | 0.79 ± 0.04 | 0.67 ± 0.02 | 0.72 ± 0.03 | 0.95 ± 0.06 B | 0.93 ± 0.05 AB | 0.72 ± 0.05 A | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 |
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Liang, H.; Kasiya, H.C.; Huang, D.; Ren, M.; Zhang, L.; Yin, H.; Mi, H. The Role of Algae Extract (Ulva lactuca and Solieria chordalis) in Fishmeal Substitution in Gibel Carp (Carrassius auratus gibeilo). Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 501. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10080501
Liang H, Kasiya HC, Huang D, Ren M, Zhang L, Yin H, Mi H. The Role of Algae Extract (Ulva lactuca and Solieria chordalis) in Fishmeal Substitution in Gibel Carp (Carrassius auratus gibeilo). Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(8):501. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10080501
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang, Hualiang, Hopeson Chisomo Kasiya, Dongyu Huang, Mingchun Ren, Lin Zhang, Heng Yin, and Haifeng Mi. 2023. "The Role of Algae Extract (Ulva lactuca and Solieria chordalis) in Fishmeal Substitution in Gibel Carp (Carrassius auratus gibeilo)" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 8: 501. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10080501