Peculiarities in the Amino Acid Composition of Sow Colostrum and Milk, and Their Potential Relevance to Piglet Development
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Housing
2.2. Milk Samples and Chemical Analysis
2.3. Data Selection
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Amino Acid Concentrations in Sow Milk at d 0 (Colostrum), d 3, and d 10 after Parturition
3.2. Amino Acid Profile of Sow Milk at d 0 (Colostrum), d 3, and d 10 after Parturition
3.3. Amino Acid Profile of Sow Milk across Studies
3.4. Amino Acid Profile of Milk across Animal Species
3.5. Comparing Amino Acid Profiles of Sow Milk with Piglet Body Composition
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Sow Breed | Number of Sows | Parity (Range) | Sampling Date (Day of Lactation) | Method | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
This report | Topigs 20 | 25 | 3.65 (1–7) | D3 | IEC a |
Beyer et al. (2007) | Large White × German Landrace | 24 | 2.41 (1–4) | D3 | IEC |
Wu et al. (1994) | F1 hybrid | 10 | 3.3 (-) | D3 | Pre-column with RP-HPLC b |
Mudd et al. (2016) | Yorkshire | 14 | - | D7 | IEC |
Rezaei et al. (2022) | Yorkshire × Landrace | 30 | 2.5 (2–3) | D3 | Pre-column with RP-HPLC b |
Csapo et al. (1998) | Danish Large White + Duroc + Landrace | 30 | - | D5 | IEC |
Kim et al. (2004) | PIC Cambrough-22 | 10 | - | D7, 14, 21 | Pre-column with RP-HPLC b |
Amino Acids | Date of Lactation | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
D 0 | D 3 | D 10 | ||
Asp | 78.9 ± 14.2 a | 35.8 ± 4.4 b | 30.1 ± 3.4 c | <0.001 |
Thr | 57.1 ± 12.4 a | 19.9 ± 3.4 b | 16.6 ± 2.3 b | <0.001 |
Ser | 62.1 ± 12.5 a | 24.7 ± 3.9 b | 21.2 ± 2.9 b | <0.001 |
Glu | 137.0 ± 23.7 a | 68.4 ± 7.9 b | 61.6 ± 6.6 b | <0.001 |
Gly | 56.0 ± 11.2 a | 23.5 ± 2.9 b | 20.9 ± 2.9 b | <0.001 |
Ala | 59.8 ± 11.9 a | 24.6 ± 3.2 b | 20.5 ± 2.6 c | <0.001 |
Val | 72.5 ± 13.7 a | 26.2 ± 3.7 b | 21.9 ± 3.5 b | <0.001 |
Met | 11.0 ± 2.6 a | 5.5 ± 9.9 b | 4.9 ± 0.8 b | <0.001 |
Ileu | 38.3 ± 7.2 a | 18.5 ± 2.7 b | 16.1 ± 2.1 c | <0.001 |
Leu | 90.2 ± 17.8 a | 37.5 ± 4.9 b | 32.0 ± 4.1 c | <0.001 |
Tyr | 31.3 ± 6.5 a | 11.8 ± 2.0 b | 10.1 ± 1.5 b | <0.001 |
Phe | 34.5 ± 6.8 a | 13.8 ± 1.9 b | 12.0 ± 1.6 b | <0.001 |
Lys | 62.4 ± 11.2 a | 28.6± 3.1 b | 24.5 ± 2.7 c | <0.001 |
His | 21.1 ± 4.4 a | 9.4 ± 1.3 b | 8.2 ± 1.0 b | <0.001 |
Arg | 36.7 ± 6.9 a | 15.6 ± 2.2 b | 13.3 ± 1.9 c | <0.001 |
Pro | 97.3 ± 16.4 a | 49.3 ± 6.7 b | 44.7 ± 5.9 b | <0.001 |
EAA * | 423.7 ± 79.3 a | 174.8 ± 22.1 b | 149.5 ± 18.3 c | <0.001 |
NEAA * | 522.2 ± 93.7 a | 237.9 ± 28.8 b | 209.1 ± 22.3 c | <0.001 |
Total AA | 945.9 ± 172.3 a | 412.8 ± 50.2 b | 358.5 ± 40.0 c | <0.001 |
Amino Acids | Date of Lactation | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
D 0 | D 3 | D 10 | ||
Asp | 8.6 ± 0.2 c | 8.9 ± 0.2 a | 8.7 ± 0.2 b | <0.001 |
Thr | 5.6 ± 0.5 a | 4.4 ± 0.4 b | 4.3 ± 0.3 b | <0.001 |
Ser | 5.4 ± 0.2 a | 4.8 ± 0.3 b | 4.8 ± 0.4 b | <0.001 |
Glu | 16.2 ± 0.5 c | 18.5 ± 0.2 b | 19.2 ± 0.8 a | <0.001 |
Gly | 3.5 ± 0.3 a | 3.3 ± 0.3 b | 3.4 ± 0.5 ab | 0.005 |
Ala | 4.4 ± 0.3 a | 3.1 ± 0.30 c | 3.9 ± 0.3 b | <0.001 |
Val | 7.0 ± 0.4 a | 5.8 ± 0.4 b | 5.6 ± 0.4 c | <0.001 |
Met | 1.4 ± 0.2 b | 1.6 ± 0.1 a | 1.6 ± 0.2 a | <0.001 |
Ileu | 4.2 ± 0.2 b | 4.6 ± 0.3 a | 4.6 ± 0.2 a | <0.001 |
Leu | 9.8 ± 0.5 a | 9.3 ± 0.4 b | 9.1 ± 0.5 b | <0.001 |
Tyr | 4.7 ± 0.2 a | 4.3 ± 0.3 b | 4.3 ± 0.3 b | <0.001 |
Phe | 4.7 ± 0.2 a | 4.3 ± 0.2 b | 4.3 ± 0.2 b | <0.001 |
Lys | 7.5 ± 0.3 b | 7.9 ± 0.3 a | 7.8 ± 0.2 a | <0.001 |
His | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 0.301 |
Arg | 5.3 ± 0.2 a | 5.1 ± 0.3 ab | 5.0 ± 0.2 c | 0.010 |
Pro | 9.3 ± 0.6 c | 10.6 ± 0.8 b | 11.1 ± 0.72 a | <0.001 |
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Yao, R.; Cools, A.; Matthijs, A.; Deyn, P.P.D.; Maes, D.; Janssens, G.P.J. Peculiarities in the Amino Acid Composition of Sow Colostrum and Milk, and Their Potential Relevance to Piglet Development. Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 298. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10040298
Yao R, Cools A, Matthijs A, Deyn PPD, Maes D, Janssens GPJ. Peculiarities in the Amino Acid Composition of Sow Colostrum and Milk, and Their Potential Relevance to Piglet Development. Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(4):298. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10040298
Chicago/Turabian StyleYao, Renjie, An Cools, Anneleen Matthijs, Peter P. De Deyn, Dominiek Maes, and Geert P. J. Janssens. 2023. "Peculiarities in the Amino Acid Composition of Sow Colostrum and Milk, and Their Potential Relevance to Piglet Development" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 4: 298. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10040298